Table I.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics in the study groups
| Parameter | Control (n = 21)a | CRF (n = 22)b | CVD (n = 26)c | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometrics: | ||||
| Men/women | 11/10 | 7/15 | 11/15 | 0.39*** |
| Age [years] | 61.90 ±12.28 | 59.68 ±16.16 | 65.15 ±11.64 | 0.37* |
| Physiological: | ||||
| BMI [kg/m2] | 27.00 (24.31–29.77) | 30.04 (28.08–34.90)a | 29.56 (26.66–33.71) | 0.04** |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (%) | 61.90 | 90.90 | 80.77 | 0.08*** |
| Diastolic pressure [mmHg] | 80 (75–80) | 80 (70–80) | 70 (70–80)b | 0.02** |
| Systolic pressure [mm Hg] | 120 (110–120) | 130 (120–140)a | 120 (110–130) | 0.02** |
| Previous diagnosis of hypertension (%) | 0 | 100a | 88.50a | < 0.001*** |
| Diabetes diagnosis (%) | 0 | 0 | 50ab | < 0.001*** |
| Total dyslipidemia (%) | 66.70 | 54.50 | 26.90a,b | 0.02*** |
| Total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl (%) | 66.70 | 59.10 | 19.20a,b | < 0.01*** |
| Triglycerides > 150 mg/dl (%) | 38.10 | 54.50 | 42.30 | 0.52*** |
| HDL-C < 40 in men (%) | 54.50 | 57.10 | 72.70 | 0.71*** |
| HDL-C < 50 in women (%) | 60.00 | 60.00 | 66.70 | 0.92*** |
| Harmful habits (%): | ||||
| Current smoking | 14.29bc | 0 | 0 | 0.02*** |
| Past smoking | 28.57 | 40.91 | 50 | 0.33*** |
| Current alcohol drinking | 52.38 | 50 | 26.92 | 0.14*** |
| Past alcohol drinking | 57.14 | 62.50 | 70.59 | 0.73*** |
| Biochemical parameters [mg/dl]: | ||||
| Glucose | 96 (89–104) | 100.5 (90–108) | 113 (91–132)a | 0.01** |
| Total cholesterol | 213.61 ±43.36 | 195.48 ±39.68 | 161.50 ±50.93a,b | < 0.001* |
| LDL-C | 140.30 ±44.21 | 123.51 ±36.51 | 94.41 ±43.76a,b | < 0.01* |
| Triglycerides | 140.6 (95.4–198.9) | 155.75 (106.4–214.2) | 137.45 (96.6–209.7) | 0.71** |
| HDL-C | 42.5 (35.9–53.1) | 42 (35.7–53.8) | 39.85 (35.9–47) | 0.70** |
| ApoA1 | 142.62 ±20.97 | 148.21 ±25.27 | 135.35 ±23.81 | 0.17* |
| ApoB | 117.21 ±22.93 | 107.14 ±28.25 | 85.50 ±32.35a,b | <0.01* |
| PON1: | ||||
| Serum concentration [μg/ml] | 6.06 (4.6–6.7) | 6.07 (5.75–7.34) | 3.21 (2.76–3.95)a,b | < 0.001** |
| AREase [U/ml] | 122.57 ±30.72 | 115.81 ±32.81 | 109.34 ±29.60 | 0.35* |
| CMPAase [U/ml] | 17.68 ±3.87 | 17.69 ±4.26 | 15.67 ±5.44 | 0.24* |
| Pharmacotherapy (%): | ||||
| Statin | – | 32 | 76b | 0.01*** |
| Fibrates | – | 9 | 15 | 0.51*** |
| β-blockers | – | 18 | 58 | < 0.001*** |
| Calcium antagonists | – | 13 | 44 | < 0.001*** |
Results are expressed as mean ± SD, percentage or median (interquartile range). P-values were calculated using
*
ANOVA and Bonferroni tests
**
Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests, or
***
χ2 test.
a
p < 0.05 vs. control
b
p < 0.05 vs. CRF.