Table 3.
Values of psychometrist-administered neuropsychological variables according to cluster membership; n indicated number of subjects in a cluster. Values are means (95% confidence interval). ∗Differences from the mean for all subjects tested, expressed as a fraction of the standard deviation (sd) for each test. Values in bold are ≥|1 sd|. Mean scores presented according to type of scale as follows: TS, T-score (mean=50; sd=10); SS, scaled score (mean=10; sd=3); StdS, standard score (mean=100; sd=15); ZS, Z-score (mean=0; sd=1). †Scores not included in the analysis used to determine clusters. CPT-II, Conners's Continuous Performance Test II; CTOPP, Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing; D-KEFS, Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System; WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WRAML2, Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, Second Edition.
| Characteristic | Mean scores |
Differences from mean for all subjects* |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cluster A (n=106) | Cluster B (n=557) | Cluster C (n=334) | Cluster A (n=106) | Cluster B (n=557) | Cluster C (n=334) | |
| WASI: intelligence-quotient score (StdS)† | 91.0 (89.0, 93.0) | 105.8 (104.9, 106.6) | 112.7 (111.6, 113.8) | –1.2 (–1.4, –1.1) | –0.1 (–0.1, –0.0) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) |
| WASI: matrix reasoning subtest (TS) | 44.4 (43.1, 45.7) | 52.5 (51.9, 53.1) | 56.4 (55.7, 57.2) | –1.1 (–1.3, –0.9) | –0.1 (–0.1, 0.0) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| WASI: vocabulary subtest (TS) | 44.8 (43.3, 46.3) | 54.2 (53.6, 54.9) | 58.3 (57.4, 59.1) | –1.1 (–1.3, –0.9) | –0.0 (–0.1, 0.0) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| WRAML2: attention/concentration index (StdS) | 89.6 (87.2, 91.9) | 101.9 (100.9, 103.0) | 113.0 (111.6, 114.3) | –1.1 (–1.2, –0.9) | –0.2 (–0.2, –0.1) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) |
| CPT-II: # commissions (TS) | 55.0 (53.1, 57.0) | 53.9 (53.1, 54.8) | 44.0 (42.9, 45.1) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | –0.6 (–0.7, –0.5) |
| CPT-II: # omissions (TS) | 55.8 (52.9, 58.6) | 55.3 (54.1, 56.5) | 48.5 (46.9, 50.1) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | –0.3 (–0.4, –0.2) |
| CPT-II: hit RT (TS) | 56.0 (54.1, 57.8) | 49.8 (49.0, 50.7) | 53.8 (52.8, 54.9) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | –0.2 (–0.3, –0.1) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) |
| CPT-II: hit RT standard error (TS) | 56.4 (54.7, 58.2) | 50.8 (50.1, 51.6) | 47.0 (46.1, 48.0) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.1 (–0.0, 0.1) | –0.3 (–0.4, –0.2) |
| CPT-II: variability (TS) | 56.2 (54.5, 58.0) | 51.6 (50.8, 52.4) | 46.3 (45.4, 47.3) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | –0.4 (–0.5, –0.3) |
| CPT-II: detectability (TS) | 55.1 (53.4, 56.8) | 54.2 (53.5, 55.0) | 46.0 (45.0, 47.0) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | –0.6 (–0.7, –0.5) |
| WRAML2: verbal memory index (StdS) | 93.2 (91.2, 95.3) | 104.6 (103.7, 105.4) | 114.0 (112.9, 115.2) | –1.1 (–1.2, –0.9) | –0.2 (–0.2, –0.1) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) |
| WRAML2: story memory delay recall subtest (SS) | 9.2 (8.8, 9.6) | 11.3 (11.1, 11.5) | 12.5 (12.3, 12.7) | –1.0 (–1.2, –0.8) | –0.1 (–0.1, 0.0) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| WRAML2: verbal learning delay recall subtest (SS) | 8.5 (8.0, 8.9) | 10.0 (9.8, 10.2) | 12.2 (11.9, 12.4) | –0.8 (–0.9, –0.6) | –0.2 (–0.3, –0.1) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) |
| Delayed verbal recall composite (StdS)† | 94.1 (92.4, 95.9) | 103.3 (102.5, 104.0) | 111.6 (110.6, 112.6) | –1.0 (–1.2, –0.9) | –0.2 (–0.2, –0.1) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) |
| WRAML2: story memory recognition subtest (SS) | 9.9 (9.5, 10.3) | 11.5 (11.4, 11.7) | 12.3 (12.1, 12.6) | –0.7 (–0.9, –0.5) | –0.0 (–0.1, 0.0) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) |
| WRAML2: verbal learning recognition subtest (SS) | 8.8 (8.4, 9.2) | 10.5 (10.3, 10.6) | 11.6 (11.4, 11.8) | –0.8 (–1.0, –0.6) | –0.1 (–0.2, –0.0) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| Verbal recognition composite (StdS)† | 96.7 (95.1, 98.4) | 105.0 (104.3, 105.7) | 109.9 (108.9, 110.8) | –1.0 (–1.1, –0.8) | –0.1 (–0.2, –0.0) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| WRAML2: design memory subtest (SS) | 6.2 (5.8, 6.7) | 8.5 (8.3, 8.7) | 10.5 (10.2, 10.7) | –1.0 (–1.2, –0.8) | –0.1 (–0.2, –0.1) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) |
| WRAML2: design recognition subtest (SS) | 7.8 (7.3, 8.4) | 9.7 (9.5, 10.0) | 11.4 (11.1, 11.7) | –0.7 (–0.9, –0.6) | –0.1 (–0.2, –0.1) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| D-KEFS trail making test: condition 1 (SS) | 7.8 (7.4, 8.3) | 10.9 (10.7, 11.1) | 11.6 (11.3, 11.8) | –1.1 (–1.3, –1.0) | 0.0 (–0.0, 0.1) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) |
| D-KEFS trail making test: condition 2 (SS) | 8.9 (8.5, 9.3) | 11.4 (11.2, 11.6) | 12.3 (12.0, 12.5) | –1.1 (–1.3, –0.9) | –0.0 (–0.1, 0.1) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.4) |
| D-KEFS trail making test: condition 3 (SS) | 7.0 (6.6, 7.5) | 11.3 (11.1, 11.5) | 12.4 (12.2, 12.7) | –1.5 (–1.6, –1.3) | 0.0 (–0.0, 0.1) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| D-KEFS trail making test: condition 4 (SS) | 5.9 (5.5, 6.4) | 10.1 (9.9, 10.3) | 11.7 (11.4, 11.9) | –1.5 (–1.7, –1.3) | –0.0 (–0.1, 0.0) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) |
| D-KEFS trail making Test: condition 5 (SS) | 10.0 (9.7, 10.3) | 11.5 (11.4, 11.6) | 12.1 (11.9, 12.3) | –0.9 (–1.1, –0.7) | –0.0 (–0.1, 0.1) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) |
| D-KEFS tower test: total achievement score (SS) | 8.2 (7.8, 8.6) | 10.2 (10.1, 10.4) | 10.4 (10.2, 10.6) | –0.8 (–1.0, –0.6) | 0.1 (–0.0, 0.2) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) |
| Wisconsin Card Sort: perseverative responses (TS) | 46.1 (43.8, 48.4) | 53.7 (52.7, 54.7) | 63.1 (61.8, 64.4) | –0.7 (–0.9, –0.6) | –0.2 (–0.3, –0.1) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) |
| Wisconsin Card Sort: perseverative errors (TS) | 45.6 (43.5, 47.7) | 53.1 (52.2, 54.1) | 62.0 (60.8, 63.2) | –0.8 (–0.9, –0.6) | –0.2 (–0.3, –0.1) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) |
| CTOPP: rapid naming composite score (StdS) | 88.1 (85.5, 90.7) | 95.7 (94.6, 96.8) | 100.6 (99.1, 102.0) | –0.6 (–0.8, –0.4) | –0.1 (–0.1, 0.0) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) |
| D-KEFS verbal fluency: category fluency (SS) | 9.6 (9.1, 10.2) | 11.6 (11.3, 11.8) | 12.7 (12.4, 13.0) | –0.7 (–0.9, –0.5) | –0.1 (–0.1, 0.0) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) |
| Beery: motor coordination (StdS) | 72.2 (69.9, 74.4) | 86.2 (85.2, 87.2) | 93.5 (92.2, 94.7) | –1.1 (–1.3, –0.9) | –0.1 (–0.1, 0.0) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) |
| Grooved Pegboard dominant hand (StdS) | 72.4 (69.1, 75.6) | 99.0 (97.6, 100.4) | 105.9 (104.1, 107.7) | –1.3 (–1.5, –1.2) | 0.0 (–0.1, 0.1) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| Grooved Pegboard other hand (StdS) | 65.5 (61.6, 69.4) | 96.3 (94.6, 98.0) | 104.9 (102.7, 107.1) | –1.3 (–1.5, –1.1) | 0.0 (–0.1, 0.1) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| Fine motor study composite (StdS)† | 72.3 (70.1, 74.4) | 92.6 (91.7, 93.5) | 99.7 (98.5, 100.9) | –1.5 (–1.7, –1.3) | –0.0 (–0.1, 0.0) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) |
| Beery: visual-motor integration (StdS) | 76.7 (74.5, 78.8) | 87.4 (86.5, 88.4) | 95.0 (93.8, 96.1) | –1.0 (–1.2, –0.8) | –0.1 (–0.2, –0.0) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) |
| Beery: visual perception (StdS) | 91.0 (89.2, 92.9) | 98.7 (97.9, 99.5) | 102.5 (101.4, 103.5) | –0.8 (–1.0, –0.6) | –0.0 (–0.1, 0.0) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) |