Fig. 4.

Effect of combined therapy toward promotion of motor functional recovery. a Representative captures of normal foot stepping and faulty foot stepping states from the video recordings. b The average success rates of the foot fault test for the intact group (n = 7), lesion and vehicle injection group (LV group; n = 6), lesion and vehicle injection with TMT group (LVT group; n = 6), lesion and cell transplantation group (LTx group; n = 4) and lesion and cell transplantation with TMT group (LTxT group; n = 8) are shown. Before making the lesion, the rates were similar for all five groups. One week after the transplantation, the success rate was significantly higher in the LTxT group than the LTx group. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Data are presented as means ± SEM. c Average recovery ratios in the foot fault test for the intact group, lesion and LV group, LVT group, LTx group, and LTxT group are shown. Recovery ratios are defined as the success rate of the foot fault test compared to the baseline score just before the cell transplantation in each group. The recovery ratio of the motor function was higher in the LTxT group compared to the intact group at 1 week after the transplantation, however, it was not different compared to the LV group at 1 week or 2 weeks after the transplantation. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test;, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Data are presented as means ± SEM