TABLE 1.

Examples of factors often associated with nonadherence post-transplant

	Modifiable	Nonmodifiable
Sociodemographics4,7,16,31		Younger age Male gender Race/ethnicity Lower SES Rural (versus urban) residence Living alone
Pretransplant factors4,7,16,31	Adherence (pre-tx) Reduced medication self-efficacya Mood disorder/depression Anxiety Hostility Limited social support/lower perceived social support Lower conscientiousness Health literacy	More comorbid medical conditions
Post-transplant factors4,7,16,31	Distress Depression Low self-care agencyb Disruption to daily routine/travel Forgetfulness Poorer perceived health Running out of medication Inadequate monetary funds to cover medication costs Low knowledge/negative beliefs about medications Medication complexity (type and schedule) Medication side effects	Longer time since transplant

^aSelf-efficacy—an individual’s belief that he or she has the ability to implement a behavior that will produce a desired outcome.

^bSelf-care agency—an individual’s cognitive and physical/behavioral ability to engage in self-care, this includes the ability to perform behaviors aimed at maintaining health and well-being.