Table 1. Sample Characteristics by Treatment Group.
| Characteristics | Exercise Group (n = 172) | Usual Care Group (n = 172) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 81.2 (6.1) | 81.9 (6.0) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||
| Male | 62 (36) | 53 (31) |
| Female | 110 (64) | 119 (69) |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 162.3 (10.8) | 162.2 (9.5) |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 72.1 (17.9) | 71.4 (15.0) |
| Education, No. (%) | ||
| Less than grade 9 | 7 (4) | 2 (1) |
| Grade 9-13 without certificate or diploma | 14 (8) | 20 (12) |
| High school certificate or diploma | 28 (16) | 32 (19) |
| Some university without certificate | 16 (9) | 14 (8) |
| Trades or professional certificate/diploma | 27 (16) | 21 (12) |
| University certificate/diploma | 9 (5) | 9 (5) |
| University degree | 71 (41) | 74 (43) |
| Living status, No. (%) | ||
| Assisted living | 16 (9) | 11 (6) |
| Home alone | 68 (40) | 81 (47) |
| Home with others | 88 (51) | 80 (47) |
| Falls in 12 mo prior to study, No. (%) | ||
| 1 | 43 (25) | 60 (35) |
| 2 | 56 (33) | 39 (23) |
| 3 | 30 (17) | 24 (14) |
| ≥4 | 43 (25) | 49 (28) |
| Mean (SD) No. of falls | 2.8 (2.3) | 3.0 (4.3) |
| Injurious falls in 12 mo prior to study, No. (%)a | ||
| None | 51 (30) | 47 (27) |
| Soft tissue injury | 90 (52) | 93 (54) |
| Fracture | 31 (18) | 32 (19) |
| Use of walker, brace, or cane, No. (%) | 46 (27) | 37 (22) |
| Geriatric Depression Scale score, mean (SD)b | 2.8 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.6) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)c | 26.9 (5.4) | 27.1 (4.9) |
| Functional Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)d | 4.1 (2.2) | 4.0 (2.0) |
| Instrumental Activities of Daily Living score, mean (SD)e | 7.2 (1.2) | 7.4 (1.1) |
| Gait speed, mean (SD), m/s | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) |
| Mini-Mental State Examination score, mean (SD)f | 27.7 (1.7) | 27.9 (1.6) |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, mean (SD)g | 22.9 (3.4) | 23.4 (3.3) |
One per participant, whereby if more than 1 injurious fall was reported, the worst injurious fall outcome was counted.
Geriatric Depression Scale scores range from 0 (best) to 15 (worst); scores of 0 to 5 indicate no depression.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
The Functional Comorbidity Index ranges from 0 (best; no comorbid illness) to 18 (worst; highest number of comorbid illnesses). Higher scores are associated with lower physical function.
Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scores range from 0 (worst; dependent) to 8 (best; independent). A score of 7 indicates a person who is largely independent but cannot manage finances or perform housekeeping tasks.
Mini-Mental State Examination scores range from 0 (worst) to 30 (best); scores of 24 to 30 are considered unimpaired.
Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores range from 0 (worst) to 30 (best); scores of 26 to 30 are considered unimpaired.