. 2019 Jun 4;321(21):2092–2100. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.5795

Table 3. Within- and Between-Group Differences in Secondary Outcomes From Baseline to 12 Months.

Outcomes	Exercise Group			Usual Care Group			Exercise Minus Usual Care
Outcomes	Baseline	12 mo	Estimated Difference (95% CI)^a	Baseline	12 mo	Estimated Difference (95% CI)^a	Estimated Difference (95% CI)^a	P Value
Physiological Profile Assessment z score, mean (SD)^b	1.92 (1.06)	2.03 (1.05)	0.14 (−0.05 to 0.32)	1.93 (1.12)	1.93 (1.13)	0.07 (−0.20 to 0.29)	0.07 (−0.19 to 0.33)	.59
No. of participants	172	129		172	133
Timed Up and Go Test score, mean (SD), s^c	16.3 (7.0)	16.1 (6.0)	0.2 (−1.1 to 1.4)	16.9 (6.4)	16.6 (8.5)	0.03 (−1.3 to 1.3)	0.1 (−1.6 to 1.9)	.89
No. of participants	172	127		171	131
Short Physical Performance Battery score, mean (SD)^d	7.9 (2.2)	7.9 (2.2)	−0.2 (−0.5 to 0.2)	7.8 (2.3)	7.8 (2.4)	−0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1)	0.05 (−0.4 to 0.5)	.84
No. of participants	172	128		172	132

^{^a}

Estimated differences were calculated using linear mixed models, which provide estimates for missing data.

^{^b}

Physiological Profile Assessment z scores of 0 to 1 indicate mild risk, 1 to 2 indicate moderate risk, 2 to 3 indicate high risk, and 3 or above indicate marked risk. A negative difference in scores between the 2 groups indicates that improvements were greater in the exercise group.

^{^c}

The Timed Up and Go Test is measured in seconds; longer completion times are associated with impaired mobility and fall risk; completion times of 13.5 seconds or longer indicate high fall risk. A negative difference in scores between the 2 groups indicates that improvements were greater in the exercise group.

^{^d}

Short Physical Performance Battery scores range from 0 (worst) to 12 (best); scores of 9 or lower predict subsequent disability. A positive difference in scores between the 2 groups indicates that improvements were greater in the exercise group.