Table 1.
Demographic and obstetric characteristics of the study population and study outcomes
| Control N = 352 |
Good glycemic control N = 230 |
p value* | Poor glycemic control N = 216 |
p value† | p value‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 28.2 (5.2) [27.9, 24.0–32.3] | 29.7 (4.8) [29.1, 26.3–33.1] | 0.0005 | 30.4 (4.9) [30.5, 26.9–34.0] | < 0.0001 | 0.12 |
| Age ≥ 35 | 41 (12%) | 31 (13%) | 0.51 | 42 (19%) | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| Number of previous pregnancies | 3.1 (2.1) [1–4] | 2.8 (2.1) [1–4] | 0.02 | 3.3 (2.3) [1–5] | 0.41 | 0.006 |
| First pregnancy | 88 (25%) | 80 (35%) | 0.01 | 58 (27%) | 0.64 | 0.07 |
| Number of previous births | 2.6 (1.7) [1–3] | 2.3 (1.8) [1–3] | 0.0002 | 2.7 (2.0) [1–4] | 0.52 | 0.01 |
| Primiparity | 106 (30%) | 113 (49%) | < 0.0001 | 85 (39%) | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| Birth weight | 3270 (504) [3315, 2995–3622] | 3256 (555) [3325, 2966–3605] | 0.76 | 3276 (572) [3318, 2992–3588] | 0.89 | 0.70 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 19.5 (10.4) [22.3, 19.5–25.9] | 26.8 (5.2) [26.3, 23.0–30.1] | < 0.0001 | 27.2 (5.1) [26.9, 23.7–30.1] | < 0.0001 | 0.45 |
| Country of birth | ||||||
| Israel | 310 (88%) | 191 (83%) | 0.01 | 188 (87%) | 0.051 | 0.16 |
| Ethiopia | 4 (1.1%) | 8 (3.4%) | 10 (4.6%) | |||
| USSR | 28 (8.0%) | 14 (6.0%) | 12 (5.6%) | |||
| Other | 10 (2.8%) | 17 (7.4%) | 6 (2.8%) | |||
| Immigrant | 42 (12%) | 39 (17%) | 0.09 | 28 (13%) | 0.72 | 0.24 |
| Male fetus | 181 (52%) | 128 (56%) | 0.33 | 110 (53%) | 0.89 | 0.46 |
| Multiple pregnancy | 3 (0.9%) | 10 (4.4%) | 0.005 | 4 (1.9%) | 0.44 | 0.13 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 346 (98%) | 226 (98%) | 0.85 | 210 (97%) | 0.63 | 0.57 |
| Single | 5 (1.4%) | 4 (1.7%) | 4 (1.9%) | |||
| Divorced | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.9%) | |||
| Cesarean delivery | 41 (12%) | 69 (30%) | < 0.0001 | 62 (29%) | < 0.0001 | 0.74 |
| GCT mg/dL | 100 (26) [96, 81–114] | 167 (29) [162, 147–187] | < 0.0001 | 171 (31) [170, 152–189] | < 0.0001 | 0.13 |
| OGTT (mg/dL): fasting | 88 (13) [85, 79–97] | 95 (17) [94, 85–103] | < 0.0001 | |||
| OGTT: 1-h post glucose load | 201 (27) [200, 190–215] | 203 (24.5) [202, 189–216] | 0.52 | |||
| OGTT: 2-h post glucose load | 157 (31) [159, 135–178] | 164 (37) [164, 140–185] | 0.06 | |||
| OGTT: 3-h post glucose load | 99 (34) [96, 73–123] | 111 (45) [106, 81–131] | 0.004 | |||
| Study outcomes | ||||||
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 19 (5.4%) | 86 (37%) | < 0.0001 | 121 (56%) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 49 (14%) | 67 (29%) | < 0.0001 | 102 (47%) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Obesity | 111 (32%) | 111 (48%) | < 0.0001 | 124 (57%) | < 0.0001 | 0.053 |
| Hypertension | 44 (13%) | 42 (18%) | 0.06 | 39 (18%) | 0.07 | 0.96 |
Values are presented as mean (standard deviation) [median, IQR] or number (percent)
Missing values: Gender: four missing in control, 2 in good glycemic control, and 7 in poor glycemic control
Mode of delivery: two in good glycemic control, 1 in poor glycemic control
Num. pregnancy: 1 missing in control
Num. birth: 1 missing in control
Pre-pregnancy BMI: 90 missing in control, 15 missing in good glycemic control, 27 missing in poor glycemic control
GCT: In the control group, 15 women had normal GCT according to the medical chart without the exact value, 29 missing in good glycemic control, 43 missing in poor glycemic control
OGTT: Fasting: Twenty-two missing in good glycemic control, 39 missing in poor glycemic control; OGTT: 1-h post glucose load: Sixteen missing in good glycemic control, 36 missing in poor glycemic control
OGTT: 2-h post glucose load: Eighteen missing in good glycemic control, 38 missing in poor glycemic control
OGTT: 3-h post glucose load: Twenty-five missing in good glycemic control, 45 missing in poor glycemic control
* Control vs good glycemic control
†Control vs poor glycemic control
‡Good glycemic control vs. poor glycemic control