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. 2019 May 29;14:3995–4005. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S200909

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© 2019 Abdulqadir and Aziz.

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

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Internalization of NiNPs in rat kidney. (A) PT cell with different NiNPs localizations, within lysosome-like vacuoles (rectangle) and adhered to the basement membrane (circle and round curved rectangle) as shown in (B–D) respectively. Arrow indicates the lateral ridge of the basement membrane. (B) Lysosome-like vacuoles containing dense particles. (C) NiNPs (arrows) adhered to the basement membrane (BM). (D) NiNPs (arrows) either as individual particles inside the PT cell or adhered to the basement membrane of both adjacent PT cells. (E) Apical cytoplasmic region of PT cells showing discharged NiNPs (arrows) through the brush border into the lumen.

Abbreviations: PT, proximal convoluted tubule; NiNPs, nickel nanoparticles; BM, basement membrane; L, lysosome-like vacuoles; In, interstitial region; Ac, apical cytoplasmic region; BB, brush border; M, mitochondria; N, nucleus.