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. 2019 Jun 5;9:8311. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44744-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparisons of COI and Tpi haplotype frequency in 13 fall armyworm collection sets, including seven from a previous study³⁶ (*). The Togo and São Tomé and Príncipe collections were compared with that from the rest of Africa by two-tailed t-test analysis. The mean percent ± standard deviation is indicated over the horizontal bars, with different lower-case letters indicating statistical significance. (a) Frequency of the COI-CS strain diagnostic marker based on analysis of the COIB segment. Number of specimens indicated above columns. (b) Frequency of the TpiC strain diagnostic marker from the TpiE4 exon segment adjusted for the contribution of heterozygotes. Estimated number of chromosomes tested indicated above columns. (c) Frequency of the TpiCa2 variant from the TpiE4 exon segment adjusted for the contribution of heterozygotes. Estimated number of chromosomes tested indicated above columns.