. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Oct;132(4):895–905. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002822

Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies Reporting Counts of Expulsions Among Postpartum Women

Study Author, Year	Region^*	Level of Evidence^†	Study Quality^‡	IUD Type^§	Placement Timing^ǁ	Delivery Method^¶	Length of Follow-up	No. Enrolled or Randomized	No. of Women With lUDs Placed	No. of Women With IUDs Placed With Follow-up (%)
Agarwal, 201 7³⁵	Southeast Asia	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	3 mo	50	50	50 (100)
Baldwin, 2016⁵⁰	North America	I	Fair	Mixed	Mixed	Mixed	6 mo	201	139	Unknown (66^#)
Bonilla Rosales, 2005¹⁶	South America	II-2	Fair	CuT380A	Mixed	Vaginal	3 mo	250	250	239 (96)
Braniff, 2015³⁸	Western Pacific	I	Fair	LNG-IUS	Mixed	Cesarean	6 mo	48	42	Unknown (84^#)
Bryant, 2013²⁰	Africa	I	Poor	CuT380A	Mixed	Vaginal	12 wk	49	28	28 (100)
Celen, 2011¹⁸	Eastern Mediterranean	II-3	Good	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	12 mo	245	245	245 (100)
Chen, 2010¹⁹	North America	I	Good	LNG-IUS	Mixed	Vaginal	6 mo	124	96	84 (88)
Chen, 2017⁵¹	North America	II-2	Poor	Mixed	Mixed	Mixed	6 mo	74	74	59 (80)
Cohen, 2016⁹	North America	II-3	Poor	Mixed	Immediate	Mixed	12 mo	82	82	67 (82)
Colwill, 2018³⁶	North America	II-2	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	6 wk	210	210	169 (81)
Dahlke, 2011³⁹	North America	I	Poor	LNG-IUS	Mixed	Vaginal	6 mo	53	46	45 (98)
Dias, 2015²¹	Southeast Asia	II-2	Poor	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	6 wk	91	91	91 (100)
Eggebroten, 2017⁵²	North America	II-2	Poor	Mixed	Immediate	Mixed	6 mo	211	211	186 (88)
Elsedeek, 2012⁴¹	Eastern Mediterranean	II-3	Fair	LNG-IUS	Immediate	Cesarean	2y	65	65	62 (95)
Elsedeek, 2015⁴⁰	Eastern Mediterranean	II-3	Fair	LNG-IUS	Immediate	Cesarean	5y	80	80	80 (100)
Eroglu, 20 06²²	Eastern Mediterranean	II-2	Fair	CuT380A	Mixed	Vaginal	12 mo	268	268	257 (96)
Goldthwaite, 2017⁵³	North America	II-2	Fair	Mixed	Immediate	Vaginal	12 wk	123	123	96 (78)
Gueye, 2013¹⁷	Africa	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	6 mo	46	46	39 (85)
Gupta, 201 4²³	Southeast Asia	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	6 mo	100	100	92 (92)
Hayes, 2007⁴²	North America	II-3	Fair	LNG-IUS	Immediate	Vaginal	10 wk	20	20	16 (80)
Heller, 2017⁵⁴	Europe	II-3	Fair	Mixed	Immediate	Cesarean	12 mo	120	114	99 (87)
Hooda, 201 6²⁴	Southeast Asia	II-2	Poor	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	6 wk	593	593	171 (29)
Jatlaoui, 2014¹⁴	North America	II-3	Fair	Mixed	Immediate	Vaginal	6 mo	99	99	88 (89)
Kumar, 201 4²⁵	Southeast Asia	II-3	Poor	CuT380A	Mixed	Mixed	6 wk	2,733	2,733	1,730 (63)
Laes, 1975⁵⁵	Europe	II-3	Poor	CuT200	Early	Unknown	12 mo	197	197	197 (100)
Lavin, 1983⁵⁶	South America	II-3	Poor	CuT200	Early	Unknown	12 mo	1,142	1,142	945 (83)
Lester, 2015⁸	Africa	I	Poor	CuT380A	Mixed	Cesarean	6 mo	68	52	Unknown (90^#)
Letti Muller, 2005²⁶	South America	II-2	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	1 mo	38	38	37 (97)
Levi, 2012²⁷	North America	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	6 mo	90	90	42 (47)
Levi, 2015⁷	North America	I	Good	Mixed	Mixed	Cesarean	6 mo	112	87	Unknown (88^#)
Mishra, 2014³³	Southeast Asia	II-3	Poor	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	4–6 wk	564	564	434 (77)
Nelson, 2009²⁸	North America	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	6 wk	7	7	7 (100)
Newton, 1977⁵⁸	Europe	II-3	Poor	Cu7	Immediate	Vaginal	6 wk	123	123	123 (100)
Puzey, 2005⁴³	Africa	II-3	Poor	LNG-IUS	Immediate	Cesarean	6 mo	33	33	20 (61)
Ragab, 2015²⁹	Eastern Mediterranean	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	12 mo	40	40	40 (100)
Shukla, 2012⁵⁷	Southeast Asia	II-3	Poor	CuT200	Immediate	Mixed	6 wk	1,317	1,317	1,037 (79)
Singal, 2014³⁰	Southeast Asia	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	12 mo	300	300	300 (100)
Singh, 20 1 6³¹	Southeast Asia	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Mixed	Vaginal	8 wk	80	80	80 (100)
Soon, 2018⁴⁸	North America	I	Poor	LNG-IUS	Mixed	Vaginal	6 mo	11	8	7 (88)
Stuart, 2012⁴⁴	North America	II-3	Fair	LNG-IUS	Early	Vaginal	6 mo	40	29	27 (93)
Stuart, 2015⁴⁵	North America	I	Poor	LNG-IUS	Mixed	Vaginal	6 mo	35	31	Unknown (80^#)
Sucak, 2015³²	Eastern Mediterranean	II-2	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	12 mo	160	160	153 (96)
Turok, 2017⁴⁹	North America	I	Poor	LNG-IUS	Mixed	Mixed	8 wk	285	228	214 (94)
Unal, 2018³⁷	Eastern Mediterranean	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	3 mo	70	70	68 (97)
Whitaker, 2014⁴⁶	North America	I	Poor	LNG-IUS	Mixed	Cesarean	12 mo	42	37	Unknown (81^#)
Woo, 2015¹⁰	North America	II-3	Poor	Mixed	Immediate	Mixed	12 mo	76	76	43 (57)
Xu, 1999³⁴	Western Pacific	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Vaginal	36 mo	384	384	381 (99)
Zerden, 2017⁴⁷	North America	II-3	Fair	LNG-IUS	Early	Mixed	6 mo	50	50	43 (86)

IUD, intrauterine device; Cu, copper; LNG-IUS, levonorgestrel intrauterine system.

Based on World Health Organization regions with region of the Americas separated into North and South American regions.

^†

Level of evidence: I, a randomized, controlled trial; II-2, a cohort or case-controlled study that includes a comparison group; III, an uncontrolled descriptive study including case series.

^‡

Defined by U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, Lohr KN, Mulrow CD, Teutsch SM, et al. Current methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the process.

^§

Mixed=CuT380A and LNG-IUS combined.

^ǁ

Immediate=10 min or less after placental delivery; Early=greater than 10 min to less than 4 wk postpartum; Mixed=Immediate and early placements or, immediate or early placements and interval placements (4 wk or greater postpartum).

^¶

Mixed=vaginal or cesarean delivery.

Number of women with IUDs placed having follow-up not reported; therefore, percentage represents number of women with IUD placements among all women randomized.