Table 1.
Baseline sociodemographic characteristics and liver enzyme levels of the study participants (2002–2003) (n=484 472)
| Characteristics | Total | ALT (U/L) | AST (U/L) | GGT (U/L) |
| n (%) | GM±GSD | |||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 40–49 | 212 004 (43.8) | 21.8±1.7 | 23.5±1.4 | 26.1±2.2 |
| 50–59 | 140 742 (29.1) | 22.8±1.6 | 24.9±1.4 | 26.8±2.1 |
| 60–69 | 98 759 (20.4) | 21.6±1.6 | 25.4±1.4 | 24.6±2.0 |
| 70–80 | 32 967 (6.8) | 19.5±1.6 | 25.2±1.4 | 21.6±1.9 |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 258 010 (53.3) | 25.3±1.7 | 26.1±1.5 | 35.8±2.1 |
| Women | 226 462 (46.7) | 18.5±1.6 | 22.6±1.4 | 17.6±1.8 |
| Household income (deciles) | ||||
| 0–2 | 76 994 (15.9) | 20.8±1.7 | 24.2±1.4 | 23.7±2.1 |
| 3–5 | 106 260 (21.9) | 21.6±1.7 | 24.7±1.5 | 25.1±2.1 |
| 6–8 | 139 763 (28.9) | 22.4±1.7 | 24.7±1.4 | 26.6±2.1 |
| 9–10 | 161 455 (33.3) | 22.2±1.7 | 24.0±1.4 | 26.2±2.1 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Non-smoker | 317 199 (65.5) | 20.5±1.6 | 23.6±1.4 | 21.4±1.9 |
| Ex-smoker | 40 797 (8.4) | 25.4±1.7 | 25.8±1.4 | 34.1±2.0 |
| Smoker | 109 868 (22.7) | 25.0±1.7 | 26.0±1.5 | 39.0±2.1 |
| Missing | 16 608 (3.4) | 22.0±1.7 | 24.6±1.4 | 25.4±2.1 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| None | 271 551 (56.1) | 20.4±1.6 | 23.2±1.4 | 20.1±1.8 |
| ≤1–2 times/week | 151 559 (31.3) | 23.4±1.7 | 24.9±1.4 | 31.4±2.1 |
| ≥3–4 times/week | 53 350 (11.0) | 25.9±1.7 | 28.9±1.5 | 51.1±2.3 |
| Missing | 8012 (1.7) | 20.9±1.6 | 23.5±1.4 | 21.0±1.9 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Did not exercise | 270 329 (55.8) | 21.4±1.7 | 24.3±1.4 | 24.5±2.1 |
| ≤1–2 times/week | 112 413 (23.2) | 23.0±1.7 | 24.5±1.4 | 28.5±2.1 |
| ≥3–4 times/week | 89 843 (18.5) | 21.9±1.6 | 24.4±1.4 | 25.9±2.1 |
| Missing | 11 887 (2.5) | 21.7±1.7 | 25.4±1.4 | 25.2±2.1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18.5 | 10 599 (2.2) | 17.7±1.6 | 24.6±1.5 | 21.1±2.2 |
| 18.5–22.9 | 171 108 (35.3) | 19.1±1.6 | 23.4±1.4 | 21.9±2.1 |
| 23.0–24.9 | 132 394 (27.3) | 21.9±1.6 | 24.0±1.4 | 25.9±2.1 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 156 051 (32.2) | 25.1±1.7 | 25.5±1.4 | 30.1±2.1 |
| ≥30.0 | 13 926 (2.9) | 29.0±1.8 | 27.6±1.5 | 32.1±2.1 |
| Missing | 394 (0.1) | 21.4±1.6 | 24.6±1.4 | 22.2±2.0 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| <120.0 | 140 993 (29.1) | 19.7±1.6 | 22.8±1.4 | 21.1±2.0 |
| 120.0–139.9 | 214 824 (44.3) | 22.3±1.7 | 24.5±1.4 | 26.4±2.1 |
| ≥140.0 | 128 464 (26.5) | 23.7±1.7 | 26.0±1.5 | 30.4±2.2 |
| Missing | 191 (0.04) | 21.1±1.7 | 23.3±1.5 | 24.4±2.0 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| <80.0 | 191 221 (39.5) | 20.1±1.6 | 23.2±1.4 | 21.7±2.0 |
| 80.0–89.9 | 167 612 (34.6) | 22.4±1.7 | 24.6±1.4 | 26.6±2.1 |
| ≥90.0 | 125 372 (25.9) | 24.2±1.7 | 26.0±1.5 | 31.5±2.2 |
| Missing | 267 (0.1) | 21.5±1.7 | 23.4±1.4 | 23.8±2.0 |
| Fasting glucose level (mg/dL) | ||||
| <70.0 | 8510 (1.8) | 20.3±1.7 | 23.9±1.4 | 23.2±2.0 |
| 70.0–99.9 | 324 064 (66.9) | 20.9±1.6 | 23.9±1.4 | 23.7±2.0 |
| 100.0–125.9 | 114 597 (23.7) | 23.6±1.7 | 25.3±1.5 | 29.1±2.2 |
| ≥126.0 | 37 167 (7.7) | 26.5±1.7 | 26.1±1.6 | 35.9±2.3 |
| Missing | 134 (0.03) | 19.7±1.7 | 22.8±1.7 | 20.7±2.0 |
| History of heart disease | ||||
| No | 494 401 (98.6) | 21.9±1.7 | 24.4±1.4 | 25.6±2.1 |
| Yes | 7187 (1.4) | 22.4±1.6 | 25.0±1.4 | 26.3±2.0 |
| History of stroke | ||||
| No | 499 352 (99.6) | 21.9±1.7 | 24.4±1.4 | 25.7±2.1 |
| Yes | 2236 (0.5) | 22.0±1.6 | 24.6±1.4 | 27.4±2.0 |
| History of cancer | ||||
| No | 498 856 (99.5) | 21.9±1.7 | 24.4±1.4 | 25.7±2.1 |
| Yes | 2732 (0.5) | 20.7±1.6 | 25.0±1.4 | 21.2±1.9 |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma glutamyltransferase; GM, geometric mean; GSD, geometric SD