Table 3.

Associations between dog ownership, walking, time in NOE, perceived general and mental health status stratified by access to NOE and residential surrounding greenness

Dog ownership (vs not)	Leisure time walking (high vs low)	Time spent in NOE near home (high vs low)	General health, excellent, (very) good (reference: fair, poor)	Mental health (scale 0–100, higher is better)
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
Number of NOE (500 m)
Lowest	2.13 (1.74 to 2.62) n=2084	2.57 (2.07 to 3.17) n=2051	0.89 (0.65 to 1.22) n=2084	0.55 (−0.93 to 2.03) n=2082
Highest	2.29 (1.79 to 2.94) n=1502	2.23 (1.72 to 2.89) n=1479	0.90 (0.62 to 1.29) n=1502	−0.62 (−2.36 to 1.13) n=1502
Area of NOE (500 m)
Lowest	2.36 (1.88 to 2.97) n=1779	2.53 (2.00 to 3.20) n=1753	0.90 (0.64 to 1.27) n=1779	0.85 (−0.83 to 2.53) n=1777
Highest	2.04 (1.64 to 2.53) n=1807	2.19 (1.75 to 2.75) n=1777	0.81 (0.59 to 1.12) n=1807	−0.48 (−1.20 to 1.04) n=1807
Distance to nearest NOE
≤300 m	2.36 (1.97 to 2.83) n=2778	2.64 (2.18 to 3.20) n=2746	0.91 (0.69 to 1.20) n=2778	0.66 (−0.61 to 1.93) n=2776
>300 m	1.86 (1.36 to 2.55) n=808	1.82 (1.31 to 2.55) n=784	0.70 (0.46 to 1.05) n=808	−1.05 (−3.45 to 1.36) n=808
Residential surrounding greenness (500 m)
Lowest	2.15 (1.70 to 2.71) n=1786	2.29 (1.81 to 2.91) n=1765	0.86 (0.61 to 1.21) n=1786	0.38 (−1.29 to 2.05) n=1785
Highest	2.19 (1.77 to 2.72) n=1800	2.57 (2.04 to 3.24) n=1765	0.95 (0.68 to 1.33) n=1800	−0.16 (−1.69 to 1.36) n=1799

Analytical method: mixed models with random intercept for neighbourhoods and adjusted for age, sex, education, neighbourhood SES, household composition, perceived income situation, perceived NOE safety, physical constraint restricting mobility and chronic diseases. Analyses were based on complete cases.

NOE, natural outdoor environments.