Fig. 3.

Deep-learning hip fracture from radiographs is successful until controlling for all patient and hospital process variables. a The association between each metadata variable and fracture, colored by how the test cohort is sampled. (*) indicate a Fisher’s Exact test with p < 0.05. (b) ROC and (d) precision recall curves for the image-classifier tested on differentially sampled test sets. The best operating point is indicated with crosshairs. (*) represents a 95% confidence interval that does not include 0.5. c Summary of (b) with 95% bootstrap confidence intervals