Table 2.
RPM study categories and device types
| First author, year | Country | Disease state | Device | Control | Primary outcomes (− / NS /+) | Care provider involved? | Meta-analysis measures | Population type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee, 2013 | Korea | Acute coronary syndrome | Wireless electrocardiography device to check heart rate during exercise | Ordinary medical therapy, diet control, and exercise | Exercise capacity (+) | Yes | None | Adults with acute coronary syndrome who recently underwent a successful percutaneous coronary intervention |
| Tan, 2010 | Singapore | Cardiac arrhythmia | Internet-based ambulatory ECG monitoring device | Transtelephonic event recorder | Diagnostic yield (NS) | Yes | None | Patients from the National Heart Centre, Singapore |
| Chau, 2012 | China | COPD | Pulse oximeter, respiratory rate sensor | No devices, education only | Pulmonary function (NS), hospital readmissions (NS), ER usage (NS), HRQL (NS) | Yes | None | Adults 60 years or older with moderate-to-severe COPD |
| Dinesen, 2012 | Denmark | COPD | Telehealth monitor that collected blood pressure, pulse, weight, and lung function | Instructions on home exercises only | Admission rates (+) and mean cost of admissions costs (NS) | Yes | None | Adults 18 years or older with severe-to-very severe COPD |
| De San Miguel, 2013 | Australia | COPD | Device that measures blood pressure, weight, temperature, pulse, and oxygen saturation | Education only | Healthcare utilization (NS) | Yes | None | Adults with COPD receiving domiciliary oxygen |
| Pedone, 2013 | Italy | COPD | Pulse oximeter; wristband that measured heart rate, physical activity, and temperature | Standard care | Number of exacerbations and hospitalizations (+) | Yes | None | Adults 65 or older with COPD in GOLD stages II and III |
| Dansky, 2008 | USA | Heart failure | Blood pressure, pulse, and weight monitoring system; digital stethoscope | Routine home visits only | Hospitalizations and ED visits (NS) | Yes | None | Patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis of heart failure |
| Pedone, 2015 | Italy | Heart failure | Telemonitoring system measuring blood pressure, heart rate, weight, and oxygen saturation | Education only | Hospital admissions and mortality (+) | Yes | None | Adults 65 years or older with heart failure |
| Ong, 2016 | USA | Heart failure | Telemonitoring system measuring blood pressure, heart rate, and weight | Education only | Readmission within 180 days after discharge (NS) | Yes | None | Adults 50 years or older with active treatment for heart failure |
| Woodend, 2008 | Canada | Heart failure and angina | Electronic weight scale, blood pressure monitor, and electrocardiogram | Usual care for patients discharged with HF or angina | Hospital readmissions (+), days spent in hospital (+) | Yes | None | Adults with symptomatic heart failure or agina |
| Luley, 2014 | Germany | Metabolic syndrome | Accelerometer tracking physical activity | Education only | Weight Loss (+) | Yes | Body mass index, weight, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure | Adults aged 30–60 with a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome |
| Scalvini, 2005 | Italy | Palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias | At home trans-telephonic event recorder | At home Holter monitoring | Number of total diagnoses (+) and total costs (+) | Yes | None | Adults with intermittent palpitations |
| Dorsch, 2015 | USA | Stroke | Accelerometer with feedback from data | Accelerometer without feedback | Total daily walking time (NS) and timed 15 m walk (NS) | Yes | None | Patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke |
| Logan, 2012 | Canada | Hypertension | Blood pressure with smartphone application | Home blood pressure monitor without transmission of data | Daytime ambulatory systolic blood pressure (+) | Yes | Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure | Adults older than 30 years with diabetes mellitus |
| Kim, 2015 | Korea | Hypertension | Blood pressure monitor with remote monitoring | Blood Pressure measurement without remote monitoring | Sitting systolic blood pressure (NS) | Yes | Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure | Patients 20 years or older with hypertension |
| Bloss, 2016 | USA | Hypertension, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmias | Blood pressure monitor and mobile ECG | Education and website for disease management | Total health insurance claims and visits to the hospital (NS) | Yes | None | Adults with hypertension, diabetes, and/or cardiac arrhythmia |
| Greene, 2013 | USA | Obesity | Accelerometer and weight scale connected to an online social network | Education on diet and physical activity | Weight (+) | Yes | Weight | Persons aged 17–79 who expressed concern about weight or health |
| Wang, 2015 | USA | Obesity | Accelerometer with text messaging reminders | Self-monitoring with accelerometer only | Physical Activity (NS) | No | None | Non-smoking adults aged 18–69 who are overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25) |
| Jakicic, 2016 | USA | Obesity | Multi-sensor device worn on the upper arm provided feedback to the participant on energy expenditure and physical activity through a small display or through website | Diet, telephone counseling, group sessions, text message prompts, educational website | Weight (–) | No | Body mass index, weight, body fat percentage | Adults aged 18–35 with a body mass index between 25 and 40 |
| Shuger, 2011 | USA | Obesity | Physical activity monitor | Self-directed weight loss program | Body weight (+) and waist circumference (+) | No | Body mass index, weight, waist circumference, body fat percentage, systolic blood pressure | Underactive adults who are overweight or obese |
| Wijsman, 2013 | Netherlands | Overweight | Accelerometer with personal website | Usual daily activity | Physical activity counts (+) | Yes | Body mass index, weight, waist circumference, body fat percentage, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure | Adults aged 60–70 years without diabetes |
| Kent, 2015 | Australia | Sub-acute or chronic low back pain | Motion-sensor movement device with biofeedback | Motion-sensor without biofeedback | Self-reported pain intensity (+) and activity limitation (+) | Yes | None | Adults aged 18–65 presenting with a primary complaint of low back pain |
| Piga, 2014 | Italy | Systemic sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis | Telemonitoring system with hand exercises results transmitted to physicians | Standard at home kinesiotherapy exercises | Dreiser’s Index (NS), HAQ (NS), HAMIS hand (NS) | Yes | None | Adults diagnosed with systemic sclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis |
| Ryan, 2012 | United Kingdom | Asthma | Spirometer with mobile application | Paper recording of peak flow and symptoms | Asthma control (NS), self efficacy (NS) | Yes | None | Adolescents and adults with poorly controlled asthma |
| Ginis, 2016 | Belgium/Israel | Parkinson’s disease | Inertial measurement unit with smartphone application feedback | Weekly researcher visits without use of devices | Gait speed under usual and dual task conditions (NS) | No | None | Adults with Parkinson’s disease |
| Fox, 2012 | Canada | Sleep apnea | PAP machine with transmission of physiologic information | Standard PAP machine | PAP adherence (+) | Yes | None | Adult patients with moderate-to-severe sleep apnea |
| Finkelstein, 2016 | Singapore | No specific disease state | Sealed ActiGraph triaxial GT-3x + accelerometer and Fitbit Zip with website feedback | Education, cash incentives for participation | Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week (−) | No | Weight, systolic blood pressure | Full-time workers aged 21–65 |
NS not statistically significant, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HAQ health assessment questionnaire, HAMIS hand mobility in scleroderma, ECG electrocardiogram, GOLD global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease, HRQL health-related quality of life, ED emergency department, PAP positive airways pressure