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. 2018 Apr 11;1:7. doi: 10.1038/s41746-017-0014-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Examples of LoC-based diagnostic applications for chronic respiratory diseases. a A label-free microfluidic electrochemical sensor based on carbon nanotubes/ferrocene for DNA detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The device integrates three channels for negative control, DNA detection, and mismatch DNA detection;⁵¹ b An automated and integrated LoC platform for detection of multiple CRD protein biomarkers in human saliva. Left: a photograph demonstration of the chip; Right: signal image of the microsphere array;⁵⁴ c A microfluidic chip for studying the chemotactic function of neutrophils from asthma patients. The top image shows neutrophil capture from one drop of blood. The bottom image shows the diffusion-based gradient generation in a microfluidic device;⁵⁶ d A microfluidic platform for evaluating neutrophil chemotaxis to the sputum samples from COPD patients. The left image illustrates the flow-based gradient generation in a PDMS device. The right image shows neutrophil migration to a sputum gradient.⁵⁷ The figures are adapted from refs. ^51,54,56,57 with permission from AIP Publishing for a, Royal Society of Chemistry for b, National Academy of Sciences for c and PLOS for d, respectively