Table 1. Description of the Canadian sample population in the 2013–2014 HBSC study^a (N = 30117).

Characteristic	n	%	Characteristic	n	%
Sex			Perceived Family Wealth
Male	14784	49.3	High	15120	53.5
Female	15178	50.7	Average	10456	37.0
			Low	2703	9.6
Family Communication Quality			Involvement in Group Activities
Q1 (highest)	6303	22.3	3+	8313	29.7
Q2	9554	33.9	2	7397	26.4
Q3	5333	18.9	1	8232	29.4
Q4 (lowest)	7012	24.9	None	4071	14.5
School Grade			Primary Outcome: Loneliness
6–8	16273	54.6	No	20735	73.8
9–10	13520	44.4	Yes	7376	26.2
Feeling Sad or Hopeless			Exposure 1: Email Use
No	20489	71.6	Non-daily User	26549	97.5
Yes	8118	28.4	Daily User	681	2.5
Family Structure			Exposure 2: Verbal CMC
Nuclear Family	19581	69.0	Non-daily User	20984	74.1
Non-Nuclear Family	8796	31.0	Daily User	7338	25.9
Frequency of Contacting Friends			Exposure 3: Messaging CMC
Weekly or more	13688	50.9	Non-daily User	14897	53.7
Less than weekly	13204	49.1	Daily User	12856	46.3
Peer Support			Exposure 4: Social Media CMC
High	22896	83.6	Non-daily User	19243	68.7
Low	4496	16.4	Daily User	8784	31.3

^aHBSC sample before application of survey weights