Table 4. Co-morbidity of Taenia solium infections with other infections in Tanzania, 1995–2018.

Reference	Study population	Taenia solium infection assessed	Co-morbidity with	Key findings
[25]	212 PWE and 198 PWOE at hospital	Human neurocysticercosis based on serology and CT scanning	Epilepsy	NCC lesions were significantly more frequent in people with epilepsy compared to controls (p < 0.0001).
[14]	Ag-ELISA PWE and Ag-ELISA PWOE from community	Human neurocysticercosis based on serology (Ag-ELISA) and CT scanning	Epilepsy	All of the 28 Ag-ELISA positive people with a history of epileptic seizures were CT-scan positive for NCC while only two of the 27 Ag-ELISA positive people without epilepsy were CT-scan positive for NCC.
[43]	278 PWE and 345 age-matched PWOE from community	Human taeniosis/cysticercosis antibody seroconversion	Epilepsy	The prevalence of T. solium antibodies was low (2.8% of cases and 2.2% of controls) and was not associated with active convulsive epilepsy.
[54]	Adult PWE and PWOE from community	Neurocysticercosis	Epilepsy	Six of 218 PWE had antibodies to T. solium compared to none of 174 controls (P = 0.0137). Lesions compatible with NCC were seen in eight of 200 CT scans (4.0%; 95% CI 1.3–6.7)
[37]	170 HIV+ and 170 HIV- controls humans	Taeniosis, Cysticercosis, and Neurocysticercosis	HIV/AIDS	No significant differences between HIV+ and HIV–individuals regarding the sero-prevalence of taeniosis antibodies, cysticercosis antibodies/antigens or CT scan NCC lesions.
[32]	Rural pigs	Porcine cysticercosis lingual cysts	GIT helminths	None of 36 pigs infected with cysticercosis had ascariosis, one had trichuriosis and seven had strongyle worm infections. Geographically, there was inverse occurrence between porcine cysticercosis and GIT helminth infections, with porcine cysticercosis preferring villages practising free-range while GIT helminths prefer areas practising pig confinement.
[40]	Slaughter pigs	Porcine cysticercosis at meat inspection	Taenia hydatigena cysts	Co-infections were not observed during this study. Co-endemicity was found in which 16 pigs were infected with T. hydatigena while two were infected with T. solium.