Table 1. Baseline characteristics of diabetes hospitalizations with and without decompensation.
P-values ≤ 0.05 indicate statistical significance. DKA, Diabetic Ketoacidosis; HHS, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State; HMO, Health Maintenance Organization; SD: Standard Deviation.
| Variable | No Decompensation (N=56,258,977) | Decompensation (DKA or HHS) (N=516,805) | Overall Diabetes (N=56,775,782) | P | |||
| Age (years) at admission | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Mean age ± SD | 66 ± 15 | 52 ± 17 | 66 ± 15 | <0.001 | |||
| 18-44 | 4,474,607 | (8.0%) | 170,964 | (33.1%) | 4,645,570 | (8.2%) | |
| 45-64 | 19,775,407 | (35.2%) | 218,916 | (42.4%) | 19,994,323 | (35.2%) | |
| ≥65 | 32,008,964 | (56.9%) | 126,925 | (24.6%) | 32,135,889 | (56.6%) | |
| Sex | 0.436 | ||||||
| Male | 26,792,531 | (47.6%) | 246,397 | (47.7%) | 27,038,928 | (47.6%) | |
| Female | 29,461,137 | (52.4%) | 270,349 | (52.3%) | 29,731,486 | (52.4%) | |
| Race | <0.001 | ||||||
| White | 32,641,661 | (65.6%) | 264,682 | (57.0%) | 32,906,343 | (65.5%) | |
| African American | 8,632,625 | (17.3%) | 112,221 | (24.2%) | 8,744,846 | (17.4%) | |
| Hispanic | 5,451,308 | (10.9%) | 59,875 | (12.9%) | 5,511,182 | (11.0%) | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 1,186,596 | (2.4%) | 9,455 | (2.0%) | 1,196,051 | (2.4%) | |
| Native American | 408,944 | (0.8%) | 4,654 | (1.0%) | 413,598 | (0.8%) | |
| Other | 1,466,771 | (2.9%) | 13,260 | (2.9%) | 1,480,032 | (2.9%) | |
| Primary Expected Payer | <0.001 | ||||||
| Medicare | 35,709,505 | (63.6%) | 205,134 | (39.8%) | 35,914,639 | (63.4%) | |
| Medicaid | 5,720,247 | (10.2%) | 106,482 | (20.7%) | 5,826,730 | (10.3%) | |
| Private including HMO | 11,242,654 | (20.0%) | 121,428 | (23.6%) | 11,364,082 | (20.1%) | |
| Self – Pay | 1,850,048 | (3.3%) | 56,741 | (11.0%) | 1,906,789 | (3.4%) | |
| No charge | 213,112 | (0.4%) | 5,267 | (1.0%) | 218,379 | (0.4%) | |
| Others | 1,416,868 | (2.5%) | 20,237 | (3.9%) | 1,437,105 | (2.5%) | |
| Median Household Income Quartile for Patients’ Zip code | <0.001 | ||||||
| 0-25th | 18,147,238 | (33.0%) | 185,578 | (36.9%) | 18,332,815 | (33.1%) | |
| 26-50th | 14,776,281 | (26.9%) | 132,919 | (26.4%) | 14,909,200 | (26.9%) | |
| 51-75th | 12,523,515 | (22.8%) | 108,545 | (21.6%) | 12,632,060 | (22.8%) | |
| 76-100th | 9,471,181 | (17.2%) | 75,700 | (15.1%) | 9,546,880 | (17.2%) | |
| Type of Admission | <0.001 | ||||||
| Non-elective | 44,978,560 | (80.2%) | 491,436 | (95.3%) | 45,469,996 | (80.3%) | |
| Elective | 11,111,128 | (19.8%) | 24,034 | (4.7%) | 11,135,162 | (19.7%) | |
| Bed size of Hospital | <0.001 | ||||||
| Small | 7,668,982 | (13.7%) | 63,292 | (12.3%) | 7,732,274 | (13.7%) | |
| Medium | 14,126,229 | (25.2%) | 133,669 | (26.0%) | 14,259,898 | (25.3%) | |
| Large | 34,151,909 | (61.0%) | 316,555 | (61.6%) | 34,468,464 | (61.0%) | |
| Location/Teaching Status of Hospital | <0.001 | ||||||
| Rural | 7,093,756 | (12.7%) | 55,605 | (10.8%) | 7,149,362 | (12.7%) | |
| Urban - non teaching | 22,602,717 | (40.4%) | 197,111 | (38.4%) | 22,799,828 | (40.4%) | |
| Urban - teaching | 26,250,646 | (46.9%) | 260,800 | (50.8%) | 26,511,446 | (47.0%) | |
| Hospital Region | <0.001 | ||||||
| Northeast | 10,662,641 | (19.0%) | 89,560 | (17.3%) | 10,752,201 | (18.9%) | |
| Midwest | 13,366,331 | (23.8%) | 105,499 | (20.4%) | 13,471,830 | (23.7%) | |
| South | 22,765,403 | (40.5%) | 221,439 | (42.8%) | 22,986,842 | (40.5%) | |
| West | 9,464,603 | (16.8%) | 100,307 | (19.4%) | 9,564,909 | (16.8%) | |