Table 6:

Summary of radioluminescent sources

Source	Photon yield (photons / MeV energy deposited)				Spectral range (nm)	Mechanism	References
Inorganic scintillators	104 – 105				400 – 600	Scintillation	(Cherry et al 2012)
Organic scintillators	104				300 – 450	Fluorescence / phosphorescence	(Birks 1964)
Liquid scintillators	104				300 – 450	Fluorescence / phosphorescence	(Horrocks 1974)
Air scintillation	N2	120			100 – 500 (peaks)	Ionization / fluorescence	(Suzuki and Kubota 1979, Morii et al 2004)
	O2	<1 (quencher)
	Ar	104
	Air	25
Cerenkov radiation	Radionuclides	1 – 100 (decay−1)			200 – 800	Cerenkov radiation	(Ackerman and Graves 2012, Gill et al 2015)
	Radiotherapy	6 MeV e−		100	200 – 800	Cerenkov radiation	(Glaser et al 2014)
		10 MeV e−		103
		6 MeV photon		81
		10 MeV photon		91
Nanoparticle scintillators (1 mg/cm3)	10 – 100				400 – 600	Scintillation	(Bulin et al 2015)
Endogenous biological molecules (Tyrosine, Trypsin, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan) †	Immediate		Thermo-luminescence		300 – 600	Fluorescence / persistent luminescence	(Nelson et al 1967)
	8×103 - 6×104		4.5 – 310
Water radioluminescence	< 1				200 – 600 (500 peak)	Fluorescence	(Tarasov et al 2007)

^†Reported values are for molecules in their pure, crystalized form; typical concentrate is ~µg/cm³ in vivo (Madras et al 1974)