Table 1:

Studies where paternal exposure-induced alterations in sperm RNA coincide with intergenerational offspring phenotypes

	Paternal Exposure	Offspring Phonotype	Altered sperm noncoding RNA types and/or species	Citation
DIET	low protein diet	impaired hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis	↓ let7c, ↑ tRNA-Gly-GCC	Sharma et al. 2016
	offspring of obese fathers	glucose intolerance	↑miR10a, ↓ tRNA-Glu-CTC	Cropley et al. 2016
	high fat diet	glucose intolerance*, ↑ weight*	altered tDR, altered RNA modifications	Chen et al. 2016
	obesity	↑obesity, ↑insulin resistance	11 altered miRNA	Fullston et al. 2013
	western diet	↑obesity*	↑ miR19b	Grandjean et al. 2015
	high fat diet	↑weight, ↓glucose metabolism	↑ let7c across both F0, F1 generations	de Castro Barbosa et al. 2016
	obesity	↑obesity, ↓fertility	altered long noncoding RNAs, mRNA	An et al. 2017
STRESS	chronic variable stress	↓HPA responsivity*	9 increased miRNAs	Rodgers et al. 2013
	maternal separation stress	↓anxiety-like*, ↑depression-like behaviors*	several altered miRNA, piRNA, long noncoding RNA	Gapp et al. 2014, Gapp et al. 2018
	chronic glucocorticoid treatment	↑ anxiety-like behavior, ↓fear extinction	altered miRNAs	Short et al. 2016
	chronic social instability	↑anxiety-like behavior, ↓socialization	↓ miR34c, ↓ miR449	Saavenra et al. 2015, Dickson et al. 2018
ENRICHMENT	chronic voluntary exercise	↓ anxiety-like behavior, ↓ fear reinstatement	altered miR19b, miR455, miR133a, tRNA-Gly-GCC	Short et al. 2016
	environmental enrichment	↑ hippocampal-dependent learning*	↑ miRNA 212/132	Benito et al. 2018
TOXICANTS	ancestral vinclozolin exposure	↓ fertility	piRNAs most affected	Ben Maamar et al. 2018, Schuster et al. 2016
	DTT exposure	obesity	piRNA, tRNA most affected	Skinner et al. 2015, Skinner et al. 2018
ALCOHOL	chronic intermittent alcohol	↓alcohol drinking, ↑ alcohol sensitivity, ↓HPA responsivity	↑miR10a, ↑ tRNA-Glu-CTC, two altered RNA modifications	Finegersh et al. 2014, Rompala et al. 2016, Rompala et al. 2018

Summary of rodent studies demonstrating heritable effects of paternal preconception exposures associated with epigenetic reprogramming of sperm noncoding RNA. Legend: mt-tRNA = mitochondrial tRNA.

^*= offspring phenotype can be recapitulated by zygotic injection of altered sperm RNA.