. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Occup Environ Med. 2019 Jun;61(6):529–534. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001609

TABLE 3.

ORs and 95% CIs for a One Interquartile Range Increase in Prenatal Exposure to Ambient Air Toxics and Yolk Sac Tumors in Young California Children (1984–2013).

Exposure agent		Yolk Sac Tumors		Exposure Window (Buffer Distance: 4km)
		Cases (n=99)	Controls (n=155,191)	First Trimester	Second Trimester	Entire Pregnancy
		Cases (n=99)	Controls (n=155,191)	OR [95% CI]^*	OR [95% CI]^*	OR [95% CI]^*
Factor 1: Traffic-related air toxics
	Benzene	10	21,762	1.06 [0.49, 2.30]	1.68 [1.02, 2.78]	1.76 [0.89, 3.47]
	1,3-Butadiene	10	21,770	0.97 [0.43, 2.19]	1.80 [1.02, 3.16]	2.08 [0.85, 5.07]
	Dichloromethane	9	20,308	1.07 [0.84, 1.36]	1.05 [0.83, 1.35]	1.31 [0.85, 2.02]
	Ethyl benzene	9	18,508	1.15 [0.76, 1.75]	1.41 [1.09, 1.84]	2.29 [1.17, 4.49]
	Meta/Para-xylene	8	17,007	1.06 [0.53, 2.10]	1.59 [1.02, 2.49]	1.58 [0.86, 2.90]
	Ortho-xylene	9	19,402	1.28 [0.70, 2.33]	1.77 [1.16, 2.71]	1.89 [1.08, 3.32]
	Lead	9	15,839	0.97 [0.55, 1.69]	1.19 [0.74, 1.89]	1.13 [0.59, 2.13]
	Perchloroethylene	9	20,057	1.05 [0.81, 1.36]	1.08 [0.90, 1.28]	1.17 [0.80, 1.71]
	Styrene	7	13,205	0.83 [0.37, 1.89]	1.05 [0.68, 1.63]	0.87 [0.36, 2.14]
	Toluene	9	19,602	1.36 [0.71, 2.59]	1.82 [1.10, 3.03]	2.13 [1.05, 4.31]
	Carbon monoxide	40	65,064	1.01 [0.70, 1.45]	1.09 [0.77, 1.53]	0.93 [0.60, 1.42]
	Nitric oxide	41	64,220	0.97 [0.71, 1.31]	1.00 [0.75, 1.33]	0.78 [0.51, 1.20]
	Nitrogen dioxide	42	64,729	0.77 [0.47, 1.26]	0.69 [0.42, 1.14]	0.57 [0.33, 0.99]
	Nitrogen oxides	41	63,593	0.93 [0.65, 1.35]	0.95 [0.66, 1.36]	0.73 [0.46, 1.17]
Factor 2: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
	Benzo(a)pyrene	7	16,477	0.92 [0.50, 1.67]	0.85 [0.42, 1.72]	0.90 [0.40, 2.06]
	Benzo(b)fluoranthene	9	19,188	0.67 [0.27, 1.70]	0.81 [0.40, 1.63]	0.71 [0.29, 1.70]
	Benzo(g,h,i)perylene	9	18,355	0.55 [0.19, 1.65]	0.89 [0.43, 1.85]	0.77 [0.28, 2.15]
	Benzo(k)fluoranthene	9	19,188	0.74 [0.33, 1.64]	0.83 [0.44, 1.57]	0.73 [0.31, 1.72]
	Dibenz(a,h)anthracene	9	18,355	0.71 [0.35, 1.47]	0.42 [0.09, 2.08]	0.40 [0.09, 1.67]
	Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene	9	18,355	0.63 [0.23, 1.71]	0.81 [0.38, 1.72]	0.75 [0.30, 1.84]
Toxics not loaded on a factor
	Acetaldehyde	9	20,708	0.26 [0.07, 0.94]	0.68 [0.27, 1.72]	0.54 [0.20, 1.46]
	Carbon tetrachloride	7	14,421	0.73 [0.21, 2.47]	0.25 [0.07, 0.83]	0.33 [0.13, 0.87]
	Chloroform	9	20,498	1.12 [0.59, 2.11]	1.33 [0.80, 2.21]	1.38 [0.78, 2.45]
	Chromium	10	16,339	1.09 [0.71, 1.66]	1.27 [0.99, 1.61]	1.20 [0.92, 1.58]
	Formaldehyde	9	20,708	1.31 [1.15, 1.50]	1.45 [0.81, 2.61]	1.60 [1.20, 2.13]
	Nickel	10	16,347	1.06 [0.56, 2.00]	1.36 [0.86, 2.14]	1.20 [0.71, 2.02]
	Ortho-dichlorobenzene	8	14,606	1.69 [0.52, 5.46]	2.50 [0.96, 6.48]	2.79 [0.71, 10.96]
	Phosphorus	8	13,249	0.85 [0.44, 1.63]	1.04 [0.73, 1.50]	0.95 [0.58, 1.55]
	Para-dichlorobenzene	8	14,645	1.11 [0.70, 1.75]	1.43 [1.07, 1.91]	1.29 [0.88, 1.89]
	Strontium	10	15,469	1.02 [0.52, 2.01]	1.42 [0.97, 2.08]	1.19 [0.57, 2.48]
	Trichloroethylene	9	20,127	0.90 [0.64, 1.27]	0.95 [0.75, 1.21]	0.95 [0.73, 1.23]
	Ozone	51	75,509	1.02 [0.72, 1.44]	0.79 [0.54, 1.15]	0.81 [0.57, 1.17]
	PM₁₀	30	58,633	1.22 [0.82, 1.80]	0.95 [0.60, 1.49]	0.85 [0.51, 1.44]
	PM_2.5	17	33,394	1.49 [0.86, 2.58]	0.72 [0.34, 1.50]	0.64 [0.28, 1.49]
	Sulfur	10	16,098	1.09 [0.58, 2.04]	1.34 [0.74, 2.44]	0.98 [0.37, 2.60]

CI, confidence interval; km, kilometers; OR, odds ratio; PM, particulate matter.

ORs adjusted for birth year, maternal age, maternal race, and neighborhood-level socioeconomic status.