TABLE 1.
Prevalence of reported use of any supplement in the past 30 d, by age and characteristics of US infants and toddlers aged 0–23.9 mo, NHANES 2007–20141
| 0–5.9 mo | 6–11.9 mo | 12–23.9 mo | 0–23.9 mo | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | |
| All2 | 863 | 14.6 | (11.5, 18.1) | 845 | 11.6 | (8.8, 15.0) | 1115 | 23.3 | (20.4, 26.3) | 2823 | 18.2 | (16.2, 20.3) |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Boys2 | 426 | 13.0 | (9.0, 18.0) | 421 | 13.7 | (9.7, 18.5) | 573 | 25.3 | (21.6, 29.2) | 1420 | 19.2 | (16.6, 22.0) |
| Girls2 | 437 | 16.3 | (11.9, 21.5) | 424 | 9.6 | (6.5, 13.5) | 542 | 21.3 | (17.1, 25.9) | 1403 | 17.1 | (14.7, 19.8) |
| Race and Hispanic origin3 | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white2 | 289 | 16.9a | (12.4, 22.1) | 281 | 12.7 | (7.9, 19.0) | 320 | 26.6a | (21.6, 32.0) | 890 | 20.5a | (17.4, 23.9) |
| Non-Hispanic black4 | 162 | 9.5b | (4.7, 16.6) | 145 | 8.9 | (4.3, 15.7) | 235 | 17.5b | (12.9, 23.0) | 542 | 13.3b | (10.3, 16.7) |
| Hispanic2 | 336 | 11.0b | (7.0, 16.0) | 348 | 9.8 | (6.8, 13.5) | 443 | 19.4b | (15.7, 23.5) | 1127 | 15.0b | (12.2, 18.3) |
| PIR | ||||||||||||
| <1302 | 391 | 9.26 | (5.8, 13.6) | 390 | 7.26 | (4.5, 10.8) | 528 | 14.96 | (11.2, 19.2) | 1309 | 11.56 | (9.1, 14.3) |
| 130–3492 | 254 | 14.5 | (9.3, 21.1) | 252 | 10.7 | (7.1, 15.2) | 314 | 27.1 | (21.6, 33.1) | 820 | 19.7 | (16.1, 23.8) |
| ≥350 | 146 | 21.4 | (13.4, 31.2) | 129 | 18.4 | (10.3, 29.3) | 190 | 29.9 | (22.5, 38.1) | 465 | 25.1 | (20.6, 30.1) |
| WIC eligibility | ||||||||||||
| WIC recipient2 | 516 | 9.1a | (6.3, 12.5) | 535 | 6.2a | (4.1, 8.9) | 561 | 16.8a | (13.5, 20.5) | 1612 | 11.6a | (9.8, 13.5) |
| WIC eligible, not receiving WIC | 50 | — | — | 31 | — | — | 93 | — | — | 174 | 18.8a,b | (10.2, 30.4) |
| WIC income ineligible4 | 217 | 20.0b | (13.8, 27.5) | 206 | 19.2b | (13.1, 26.6) | 324 | 31.2b | (25.9, 36.9) | 747 | 25.9b | (22.3, 29.7) |
| Head-of-household educational attainment | ||||||||||||
| High school degree or less2 | 327 | 7.4a | (4.4, 11.5) | 358 | 6.3a | (3.4, 10.4) | 460 | 16.5a | (12.7, 20.9) | 1145 | 11.7a | (9.6, 14.1) |
| More than a high school degree2 | 304 | 17.7b | (12.5, 23.9) | 284 | 14.6b | (9.9, 20.5) | 404 | 28.5b | (24.1, 33.1) | 992 | 22.5b | (19.3, 25.9) |
| Feeding practice5 | ||||||||||||
| Breast milk, no formula | 188 | 24.8a | (17.7, 33.0) | 98 | 29.1a | (17.3, 43.5) | 73 | — | — | 359 | 30.3a | (23.2, 38.2) |
| Formula, no breast milk4 | 494 | 6.6b | (4.4, 9.5) | 623 | 8.8b | (5.7, 12.8) | 82 | 16.7 | (7.8, 29.5) | 1199 | 8.7b | (6.5, 11.4) |
| Breast milk and formula | 179 | 23.9a | (15.9, 33.6) | 83 | — | — | 11 | — | — | 273 | 19.3c | (13.4, 26.4) |
| Solids (no breast milk or formula) | 2 | — | — | 41 | — | — | 949 | 22.3 | (19.2, 25.6) | 992 | 21.9c | (18.9, 25.1) |
| Breastfeeding status | ||||||||||||
| Still breastfeeding | 335 | 24.7a | (19.0, 31.5) | 176 | 20.8a | (14.0, 29.0) | 82 | — | — | 593 | 26.7a | (21.8, 32.0) |
| Ever breastfed2 | 310 | 9.9b | (6.5, 14.2) | 459 | 11.4b | (7.7, 16.0) | 711 | 24.2a | (20.1, 28.7) | 1480 | 18.8b | (16.0, 21.9) |
| Never breastfed | 218 | — | — | 209 | — | — | 319 | 15.6b | (10.6, 21.9) | 746 | 9.9c | (7.1, 13.3) |
Source: CDC/NCHS, NHANES 2007–2014. Estimates are percentages and 95% CIs. Labeled percentages, within a column and by covariate, without a common letter are significantly different (P < 0.05). Missing for 0–5 mo: PIR, n = 72; education, n = 232; WIC eligibility, n = 80. Missing for 6–11 mo: breastfeeding status, n = 1; PIR, n = 74; education, n = 203; WIC eligibility, n = 73. Missing for 12–23 mo: breastfeeding status, n = 3; PIR, n = 83; education, n = 251; WIC eligibility, n = 137. Differences were tested using a univariate t statistic, significance was set at P < 0.05. Estimates with — are suppressed and do not meet NCHS data presentation standards (22). NCHS, National Center for Health Statistics; PIR, poverty-to-income ratio; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
Significant quadratic trend by age group (P < 0.05).
Other race/Hispanic origin included in totals but not shown separately.
Significant linear trend by age group (P < 0.05).
The variable “Feeding Practice” was derived using 5 questions from the Diet Behavior and Nutrition Questionnaire: “Was [CHILD] ever breastfed or fed breastmilk?,” “How old was [CHILD] when he/she completely stopped breastfeeding or being fed breastmilk?,” “How old was [CHILD] when he/she was first fed formula?,” “How old was [CHILD] when he/she completely stopped drinking formula?,” and “How old was [CHILD] when he/she was first fed anything other than breast milk or formula?” Participants in all 4 categories could have consumed juice; water; other milks, including cow milk; and solids.
Significant linear trend by PIR, within each age group (P < 0.05).