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. 2019 Apr 28;17:82–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.04.001

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© 2019 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

(A) Scheme for PDA-assisted calcium phosphate crystal formation. (B) The morphology of Ti and PDA-modified Ti substrate (Ti-PDA) after immersing in SBF for two days. (C) The entire surface of Ti-PDA was covered with calcium phosphate minerals and lath-like structures, typically found in natural HA crystals, after incubation for 14 days. Reprinted with permission from ref. [47], 2010, John Wiley and Sons Publishing Group. SBF = simulated body fluid; HA = hydroxyapatite; PDA = polydopamine.