Table 1.

Summary of population attributable fractions for head and neck cancers

Cancer site	Risk agent	Population attributable fraction (%)	Population	Region	Outcome	Study design	Reference
Oral cavity	Betel quid without tobacco	53.7	T	Taiwan and China	Incidence	Meta-analysis	[66]
	Betel quid with tobacco	49.5	T	India
	Tobacco	2.8	T	Multicenter East Asian		Case–control	[153]
	Poor oral hygiene	8.9	T	Multicenter international		Case–control	[154]
	Tobacco	9.8	M	France			[158]
		22.4	F
	Alcohol	31.5	T	Multicenter East Asian			[153]
	Tobacco and alcohol together	74.0	M	France			[158]
		45.4	F
Oral and pharynx	Tobacco	69.5	M	UK		National survey	[156]
		54.9	F
	Alcohol	37.3	M
		16.9	F
	Low fruit and vegetable intake	57.2	M
		53.6	F
	Infections (predominantly HPV)	12.3	M
		14.0	F
	Occupation	0.6	M
		0.2	F
Orophaynx	Tobacco	24.6	M	China	Mortality		[155]
		2.8	F
	Tobacco	10.8	T	Multicenter East Asian	Incidence	Case–control	[153]
	Alcohol	34.0	M	China	Mortality	National survey	[155]
		5.5	F
	Alcohol	34.0	M	Lebanon	Incidence	Nationwide survey	[157]
		4.0	F
	Low fruit and vegetable intake	61.4	Urban	China	Mortality	National survey	[155]
		57.1	Rural
	Human papilloma virus (HPV)	39.7	T
Larynx	Tobacco	24.6	M
		2.8	F
	Tobacco	74.0	M	Taiwan and China	Incidence	Meta-analysis	[66]
		65.0	F	Taiwan and China
	Alcohol	8.7	M	China	Mortality	National survey	[155]
		1.1	F

T, total; M, male; F, female.