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. 2018 Oct 25;2(11):282–291. doi: 10.15698/cst2018.11.161

Table 2.

Table 2. Modulation of autophagy by antipsychotics in non-neuronal cells.

"Flux" refers to autophagic flux; ↑ denotes increase/activation; ↓ denotes decrease/inhibition; n.a. - not assessed; ATZ - α1-antitrypsin Z; ER - endoplasmic reticulum; PKC - protein kinase C.

Agent Cells/Tissues LC3-II Flux Mechanisms Effects Ref.
Thioridazine GBM8401, U87MG glioma cells AMPK↑ Apoptotic death; Tumor growth in vivo↓ 53
Trifluoperazine MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells n.a. n.a. Migration↓; Invasiveness↓ 54
Trifluoperazine Ca922, SCC2095, primary oral cancer cells n.a. Akt/mTORC1↓ Apoptotic death; Tumor growth in vivo↓ 58
Trifluoperazine HeLa cells n.a. Bacterial clearance 61
Trifluoperazine H4 glioma cells Ca2+↓, calpain↓, ATG5 cleavage↓ Clearance of mutant; poliglutamine 13,59
Fluspirilene H4 glioma cells Ca2+↓, calpain↓, ATG5 cleavage↓ Clearance of mutant; poliglutamine 13,59
Pimozide H4 glioma cells Ca2+↓, calpain↓, ATG5 cleavage↓ Clearance of mutant; poliglutamine 13,59
Penfluridol Panc-1, AsPC-1, BxPC-3; pancreatic cancer cells n.a. Apoptotic death; Tumor growth in vivo↓ 55
Chlorpromazine U87MG glioma cells Akt/mTORC1↓ Apoptotic death; Tumor growth in vivo↓ 56
Olanzapine LN229, T98 glioma cells n.a. Apoptotic death; Tumor growth in vivo↓ 57
Clozapine A549, H1299 lung cancer cells n.a. Cell cycle arrest; Cell death 60
Clozapine Mouse skeletal muscle n.a. PKCβ↑, LC3 conversion↓ Lipid droplet clearance↓; Weight gain 63
Fluphenazine Mouse liver n.a. n.a. ATZ clearance; Liver fibrosis↓ 62