Table 1.
Sample Characteristics
| Variable | Value | CS-SRC | CS-Control | NCS-Control | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total participants | 138 | 135 | 96 | ||
| H2H2: total subjects | 62 | 64 | 28 | ||
| H2H2: subjects at each visit | V1/V2/V3/V4 | 62/59/53/50 | 64/58/54/46 | 26/25/24/22 | |
| CARE: total subjects | 76 | 71 | 68 | ||
| CARE: subjects at each visit | V1/V2/V3/V4 | 57/62/51/38 | 69/70/65/47 | 64/65/63/34 | |
| MRI protocol | GE protocol 1 (32-channel) | 62 | 64 | 28 | |
| GE protocol 2 (32-channel) | 20 | 18 | 18 | ||
| Siemens protocol 1 (8-channel) | 6 | 6 | 7 | ||
| Siemens protocol 1 (12-channel)a | 12 | 8 | 3 | ||
| Siemens protocol 1 (32-channel) | 17 | 15 | 11 | ||
| Siemens protocol 2 (32-channel) | 21 | 24 | 29 | ||
| Sex (%) | Female | 14 (10.1) | 15 (11.1) | 15 (15.6) | 0.4163 |
| Race (%) | African American | 40 (29.0) | 34 (25.2) | 10 (10.4) | 0.014 |
| White | 90 (65.2) | 92 (68.1) | 76 (79.2) | ||
| All other | 8 (5.8) | 9 (6.7) | 10 (10.4) | ||
| Ethnicity (%) | Hispanic or Latino | 7 (5.1) | 9 (6.7) | 7 (7.3) | 0.761 |
| Sport (%) | Baseball | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 37 (38.5) | |
| Basketball | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (17.7) | ||
| Cross country/track | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 36 (37.5) | ||
| Football | 105 (76.1) | 105 (77.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Ice hockey | 7 (5.1) | 6 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Lacrosse | 7 (5.1) | 5 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Soccer | 19 (13.8) | 19 (14.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Softball | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (6.3) | ||
| Competition level (%) | High school | 15 (10.9) | 15 (11.1) | 12 (12.5) | 0.0185 |
| Division III | 47 (34.1) | 49 (36.3) | 16 (16.7) | ||
| Division I | 76 (55.1) | 71 (52.6) | 68 (70.8) | ||
| Medical history (%) | Any | 47 (34.1) | 27 (20.0) | 16 (16.7) | 0.0032 |
| Visual problems | 3 (2.2) | 4 (3.0) | 1 (1.0) | ||
| Memory problems | 5 (3.6) | 4 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Migraines | 12 (8.7) | 7 (5.2) | 3 (3.1) | ||
| Headaches (non-migraine) | 7 (5.1) | 3 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Learning disorder | 3 (2.2) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.0) | ||
| Psychiatric disorder | 3 (2.2) | 2 (1.5) | 6 (6.3) | ||
| Sleep disorder | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | ||
| Balance disorder | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Diabetes | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| ADHD | 19 (13.8) | 10 (7.4) | 6 (6.3) | ||
| Seizure | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | ||
| TIA | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Hearing problems | 3 (2.2) | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Meningitis | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Years in primary sport | 9.3 (3.8) | 9.5(3.5) | 10.9 (3.8) | 0.0037 | |
| No. of previous concussions | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.1 (0.4) | <0.0001 | |
| Age at first scan | 19.5 (1.6) | 19.7 (1.6) | 20.0 (1.7) | 0.1271 | |
| Years of education | 13.3 (1.3) | 13.4 (1.3) | 13.9 (1.6) | 0.006 | |
| SES | 51.2 (10.6) | 48.2 (11.5) | 50.5 (10.5) | 0.0765 | |
| BMI | 28.1 (5.3) | 27.8 (4.9) | 23.4 (3.0) | <0.0001 |
a
Three concussed athletes used 12-channel TRIO on all time points except for 6-month visit, where 32-channel was used; 1 concussed athlete and 1 contact sport control initially used 12-channel, but used 32-channel at later visits.
CS-SRC, contact sport with sport-related concussion; CS-Control, contact sport control; NCS-Control, non-contact sport control; H2H2, Project Head to Head II; CARE, Concussion Assessment, Research and Education Consortium; V1, visit 1; V2, visit 2; V3, visit 3; V4, visit 4; GE, General Electric; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; TIA, transient ischemic attack; SES, socioeconomic status; BMI, body mass index.