Table 1.
Demographic, Injury, and Psychological Health Information for Traumatic Brain Injury, Extracranial Injury, and Healthy Comparison Groups
| Group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traumatic brain injury (n = 53) | Extracranial injury (n = 26) | Healthy comparison (n = 38) | Statistic (df) (p) | |
| Demographic variables | ||||
| Age M (SD) | 12.4 (2.2) | 11.8 (2.4) | 12.3 (2.3) | F (2, 114) = 0.749 (0.475) |
| Age Range (years) | 8.1 – 15.9 | 8.6 – 16.2 | 8.1 – 16 | |
| Sex % Male | 60 | 69 | 61 | X2(2, N = 117) = 0.666 (0.717) |
| Race (n) | X2(4, N = 117) = 3.90 (0.419) | |||
| Caucasian | 37 | 22 | 26 | |
| African American | 14 | 4 | 9 | |
| Other/Multiracial | 2 | 0 | 3 | |
| Ethnicity (n) | ||||
| Hispanic | 25 | 15 | 24 | X2(2, N = 117) = 2.40 (0.301) |
| Maternal education (n) | X2(4, N = 117) = 8.35 (0.080) | |||
| < High school | 24 | 15 | 9 | |
| < College | 26 | 10 | 27 | |
| Graduate degree | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
| Injury variables | ||||
| Age at injury to testing interval (d) –M (SD) | 47.83 (16.36) | 50.62 (10.87) | — | t(77) = 0.786 (0.434) |
| Age at injury to scan interval (d) – M (SD) | 51.06 (21.42) | 57.04 (23.23) | — | t(77) = 1.134 (0.260) |
| Injury Severity Score (ISS) M (SD) | 12.62 (7.99) | 11.12 (6.30) | t(77) = −.842 (0.403) | |
| Modified ISS M (SD) | 3.58 (4.38) | 10.73 (6.39) | t(77) = 5.83 (0.000) | |
| Treatment intensity (n) | X2(2, N = 79) = 18.74 (0.000) | |||
| Released from ED | 14 | 9 | ||
| Admitted to hospital | 8 | 14 | ||
| Admitted to PICU | 31 | 3 | ||
| Length of stay (d) M (SD) | 4.08 (3.39) | 4.59 (4.45) | t(54) = 0.471 (0.639) | |
| Surgery n (%) | 8 | 12 | X2(1, N = 84) = 6.05 (.014) | |
| Glasgow Coma Score (n) | ||||
| 3–8 | 12 | – | ||
| 9–12 | 5 | – | ||
| 13–15 | 36 | – | ||
| Psychological variables | ||||
| Pre-injury or enrollment | ||||
| Preinjury diagnoses (n) | ||||
| ADHD | 10 | 3 | 2 | |
| Anxiety | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Depression | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Psychosocial Adversity Index M (SD) | 1.36 (1.09) | 1.31 (1.12) | 1.39 (1.30) | X2(2) = 0.067 (0.967) |
| Child Behavior Checklist (T score) M (SD) | ||||
| Internalizing | 51.06 (12.16) | 52.96 (12.98) | 49.13 (10.60) | F (2, 114) = 0.818 (0.444) |
| Externalzing | 49.53 (11.80) | 54.92 (12.42) | 45.95 (9.86) | F (2, 114) = 4.823 (0.010) |
| 7 week follow-Up | ||||
| Pubertal Development Scale M (SD) | 2.44 (.935) | 2.25 (1.07) | 2.49 (.888) | F (2, 114) = 0.542 (0.583) |
| Child PTSD Symptom Scale M (SD) | 10.04 (9.27) | 10.46 (7.07) | — | X2(1) = 0.537 (0.464) |
SD. standard deviation; ED, emergency department; PICU, pediatric intensive care unit; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; PTSD. Post-traumatic stress disorder.