FIG. 13.

Upper panel: Electroencephalogram (30-sec epoch, low-frequency filter 0.5 Hz, high-frequency filter 100 Hz) showing a secondary generalized seizure in a sham-operated experimental control rat. Ictal activity was first detected in the occipital electrodes (O1, O2), and then secondarily generalized to the channels located anterior to the craniotomy (C3, C4) with changes in the frequency and morphology, ending in attenuation. The start and end of the seizure are marked with black boxes. The seizure started with a twitch of the right ear, followed by chewing, then by a tonic extension of the right hind-paw, evolving to tonic-clonic movements of the right forepaw and hindpaw, and eventually to clonus of both forepaws and whole body. Lower panel: A heat map representing 12 h of continuous electroencephalogram in the same rat. Orange arrows indicate the seizure in upper panel. Note that the animal had altogether five seizures within 12 h. Color image is available online.