Table 2.
Concentrations of TMAO, relevant serum measures and dietary intakes in each diet arm before and after intervention. Data shown is mean and SD at each time pointa.
| Measurea | Healthy Eating Diet |
Mediterranean Diet |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline, n=57 | 6 Months, n=45 | Baseline, n=58 | 6 Months, n=45 | |
| Serum Concentrations or Concentration Ratios | ||||
| TMAO, µM | 3.3 (2.0) | 3.8 (2.5) | 4.4 (5.8) | 3.8 (2.5) |
| Betaine, µM | 10.2 (3.9) | 11.3 (4.6) | 11.6 (4.0) | 11.5 (4.0) |
| Choline, µM | 12.8 (4.0) | 13.1 (4.1) | 14.2 (4.8) | 13.7 (3.7) |
| Carnitine, µM | 31.3 (14.3) | 32.4 (14.9) | 36.7 (14.6) | 37.0 (15.9) |
| γ-Butyrobetaine, µM | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.5) | 1.0 (0.4) |
| TMAO:Betaine | 0.35 (0.25) | 0.34 (0.20) | 0.43 (0.83) | 0.34 (0.19) |
| TMAO:Choline | 0.26 (0.14) | 0.28 (0.15) | 0.31 (0.40) | 0.28 (0.18) |
| TMAO:Carnitine | 0.12 (0.07) | 0.12 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.19) | 0.11 (0.06) |
| TMAO:γ-Butyrobetaine | 4.47 (2.79) | 4.24 (2.28) | 4.82 (9.06) | 4.12 (2.22) |
a
Data shown is mean and SD at each time point. None of the measures were significantly changed by dietary intervention as determined from mixed models ANOVA using diet group and time as factors and adjustment for baseline age and smoking status. TMAO concentration and its ratios with precursor molecules were natural log transformed before analysis; the other variables did not require transformation.