Table 2.
Outcomes and Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients on IMV
| Characteristics | All Admissions (N=3,035) | IPC (N=709) | No IPC (N=2,326) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, n (%) | .08 | |||
| <55 y | 537 (17.7%) | 134 (18.9%) | 403 (17.3%) | |
| 55–64 y | 716 (23.6%) | 187 (26.4%) | 529 (22.7%) | |
| 65–74 y | 864 (28.5%) | 183 (25.8%) | 681 (29.3%) | |
| ≥75 y | 918 (30.3%) | 205 (28.9%) | 713 (30.7%) | |
| Male sex, n (%)a | 1,544 (50.9%) | 364 (51.3%) | 1,180 (50.7%) | .90 |
| Race, n (%) | .05 | |||
| White | 1,689 (55.7%) | 423 (59.7%) | 1,266 (54.4%) | |
| Black | 313 (10.3%) | 59 (8.3%) | 254 (10.9%) | |
| Hispanic | 497 (16.4%) | 105 (14.8%) | 392 (16.9%) | |
| Otherb | 395 (13.0%) | 96 (13.5%) | 299 (12.9%) | |
| Missing | 141 (4.6%) | 26 (3.7%) | 115 (4.9%) | |
| Insurance provider, n (%) | .07 | |||
| Medicare | 1,731 (57.0%) | 378 (53.3%) | 1,353 (58.2%) | |
| Medicaid | 412 (13.6%) | 97 (13.7%) | 315 (13.5%) | |
| Private | 780 (25.7%) | 204 (28.8%) | 576 (24.8%) | |
| No charge/other | 51 (1.7%) | 17 (2.4%) | 34 (1.5%) | |
| Self–pay | 61 (2.0%) | 13 (1.8%) | 48 (2.1%) | |
| Mean comorbidity score (SD) | 2.3 (2) | 2.3 (1.9) | 2.3 (2) | .47 |
| DNR, n (%) | <.01 | |||
| Yes | 471 (15.5%) | 167 (23.6%) | 304 (13.1%) | |
| No | 2,563 (84.5%) | 542 (76.4%) | 2,021 (86.9%) | |
| Missing | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0%) | |
| Cancer subtype, n (%) | <01 | |||
| Lung | 598 (19.7%) | 176 (24.8%) | 422 (18.1%) | |
| Breast | 190 (6.3%) | 47 (6.6%) | 143 (6.2%) | |
| Colorectal | 324 (10.7%) | 49 (6.9%) | 275 (11.8%) | |
| Genitourinary | 262 (8.6%) | 51 (7.2%) | 211 (9.1%) | |
| Other cancer or > 1 subtype | 905 (29.8%) | 205 (28.9%) | 700 (30.1%) | |
| Not identified | 756 (24.9%) | 181 (25.5%) | 575 (24.7%) | |
| Principal diagnosis, n (%) | .22 | |||
| Cancer–related disorders | 1,191 (39.2%) | 264 (37.2%) | 927 (39.9%) | |
| Infections | 887 (29.2%) | 227 (32.0%) | 660 (28.4%) | |
| Other pulmonary disorders | 434 (14.3%) | 111 (15.7%) | 323 (13.9%) | |
| Other cardiovascular and circulation disorders | 166 (5.5%) | 30 (4.2%) | 136 (5.9%) | |
| Other neurologic disorders | 46 (1.5%) | 11 (1.6%) | 35 (1.5%) | |
| Other gastrointestinal disorders | 131 (4.3%) | 27 (3.8%) | 104 (4.5%) | |
| Fluid and electrolyte/renal disorders | 34 (1.1%) | 10 (1.4%) | 24 (1.0%) | |
| Others | 146 (4.8%) | 29 (4.1%) | 117 (5.0%) | |
| Teaching hospital, n (%)c | 1,346 (44.3%) | 325 (45.8%) | 1,021 (43.9%) | .19 |
| Hospital bed count, n (%) | <01 | |||
| Small (<200) | 810 (26.7%) | 140 (19.8%) | 670 (28.8%) | |
| Medium (200–399) | 1,283 (42.3%) | 306 (43.2%) | 977 (42.0%) | |
| Large (≥400) | 910 (30.0%) | 252 (35.5%) | 658 (28.3%) | |
| Missing | 32 (1.0%) | 11 (1.5%) | 21 (0.9%) | |
| In–hospital mortality, n (%) | 1,736 (57.2%) | 581 (82.0%) | 1,155 (49.7%) | <.01 |
| Discharge among survivors, n (%) | .41 | |||
| Home, home healthcare | 697 (53.7%) | 72 (56.3%) | 625 (53.4%) | |
| SNF, ICF, or facility | 449 (34.6%) | 38 (29.7%) | 411 (35.1 %) | |
| Short–term hospital, AMA, or other | 153 (11.8%) | 18 (14.1%) | 135 (11.5%) | |
| Median cost of care among survivors (SD)d | $67,330 ($54,204) | $59,319 ($47,859) | $68,132 ($54,757) | .09 |
| Mean length of stay among survivors (SD), de | 18.2 (18.5) | 15.6 (12.9) | 18.5 (19.0) | .14 |
Abbreviations: AMA, against medical advice; DNR, do not resuscitate; ICF, intermediate care facility; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; IPC, inpatient palliative care services; SNF, skilled nursing facility.
a
6 missing.
b
includes Asian or Pacific Islander, Native American, or other as coded on the California State Inpatient Database.
c
32 missing.
d
189 missing.
e
1 missing.