Table 2.
Characteristics of women included in the COMBO study, overall and by chronic opioid use after breast cancer diagnosis
| Characteristics | Chronic opioid use* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=3,806) | Yes (n=410) | |||
| n | (column %) | n | (column %) | |
| At incident breast cancer diagnosis | ||||
| Year of diagnosis | ||||
| 1990–1994 | 858 | (22.5) | 92 | (22.4) |
| 1995–1999 | 1062 | (27.9) | 129 | (31.5) |
| 2000–2004 | 1065 | (28) | 136 | (33.2) |
| 2005–2008 | 821 | (21.6) | 53 | (12.9) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| Median (Interquartile range) | 62 | (51–72) | 68 | (58–76) |
| 18–39 | 131 | (3.4) | 8 | (2) |
| 40–49 | 616 | (16.2) | 30 | (7.3) |
| 50–59 | 917 | (24.1) | 78 | (19) |
| 60–69 | 905 | (23.8) | 113 | (27.6) |
| 70–79 | 820 | (21.5) | 120 | (29.3) |
| 80+ | 417 | (11) | 61 | (14.9) |
| Menopausal status | ||||
| Peri- or Pre-menopausal | 1073 | (28.2) | 72 | (17.6) |
| Post-menopausal | 2733 | (71.8) | 338 | (82.4) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 3344 | (88.2) | 375 | (91.7) |
| African American | 120 | (3.2) | 16 | (3.9) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 101 | (2.7) | 12 | (2.9) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 227 | (6) | 6 | (1.5) |
| Unknown | 14 | 1 | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 3579 | (94.3) | 397 | (96.8) |
| Hispanic | 216 | (5.7) | 13 | (3.2) |
| Unknown | 11 | 0 | (0) | |
| Education | ||||
| High school or less | 369 | (22.4) | 49 | (34.3) |
| Some college | 586 | (35.6) | 48 | (33.6) |
| College or post graduates | 691 | (42) | 46 | (32.2) |
| Unknown | 2160 | 267 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18.5 | 62 | (1.6) | 7 | (1.7) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1349 | (35.6) | 104 | (25.4) |
| 25–29.9 | 1236 | (32.6) | 126 | (30.7) |
| 30–34.9 | 673 | (17.8) | 93 | (22.7) |
| 35+ | 466 | (12.3) | 80 | (19.5) |
| Unknown | 20 | 0 | (0) | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current | 221 | (5.8) | 32 | (7.8) |
| Past | 321 | (8.4) | 31 | (7.6) |
| Never/Unknown | 3264 | (85.8) | 347 | (84.6) |
| AJCC stage | ||||
| I | 2395 | (62.9) | 253 | (61.7) |
| IIA | 977 | (25.7) | 101 | (24.6) |
| IIB | 434 | (11.4) | 56 | (13.7) |
| Lymph node | ||||
| Negative | 2586 | (75.9) | 261 | (73.3) |
| Positive | 823 | (24.1) | 95 | (26.7) |
| Unknown | 397 | 54 | ||
| ER/PR status** | ||||
| ER-/PR- | 612 | (16.9) | 55 | (14.3) |
| ER+/PR- | 342 | (9.5) | 41 | (10.7) |
| ER-/PR+ | 54 | (1.5) | 7 | (1.8) |
| ER+/PR+ | 2607 | (72.1) | 281 | (73.2) |
| ER and/or PR unknown | 191 | 26 | ||
| Tumor size | ||||
| ≤2cm | 2812 | (73.9) | 298 | (72.7) |
| >2cm | 992 | (26.1) | 112 | (27.3) |
| Unknown | 2 | 0 | (0) | |
| HER2 status | ||||
| Test done | 1888 | (49.6) | 186 | (45.4) |
| Positive/borderline | 328 | (17.4) | 25 | (13.4) |
| Negative | 1553 | (82.3) | 161 | (86.6) |
| No result | 7 | (0.4) | 0 | (0) |
| Surgical treatment | ||||
| Mastectomy including radical ± radiation | 1339 | (35.2) | 182 | (44.4) |
| Breast conserving, + radiation | 1989 | (52.3) | 183 | (44.6) |
| Breast conserving, no radiation | 478 | (12.6) | 45 | (11) |
| Other treatment | ||||
| Any chemotherapy | 1259 | (33.1) | 117 | (28.5) |
| Any endocrine therapy*** | 2123 | (55.8) | 240 | (58.5) |
| Tamoxifen only | 1240 | (58.4) | 154 | (64.2) |
| Aromatase inhibitors only | 272 | (12.8) | 16 | (6.7) |
| Both tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors | 603 | (28.4) | 70 | (29.2) |
| Unknown | 8 | (0.4) | 0 | 0 |
| Charlson co-morbidity score | ||||
| 0 | 2964 | (77.9) | 265 | (64.6) |
| 1 | 613 | (16.1) | 91 | (22.2) |
| 2+ | 229 | (6) | 54 | (13.2) |
| Throughout study follow-up*** | ||||
| Years of follow-up, Median (interquartile range) | 6.1 | (3.6–9.6) | 7.5 | (4.5–10.6) |
| Diabetes | 519 | (13.6) | 91 | (22.2) |
| % Follow-up years with yearly surveillance mammography | ||||
| <50% | 826 | (21.7) | 113 | (27.6) |
| 50–79% | 1265 | (33.2) | 174 | (42.4) |
| 80%+ | 1715 | (45.1) | 123 | (30) |
| Pain conditions | ||||
| Abdominal | 1603 | (42.2) | 272 | (66.3) |
| Arthritis/gout | 2632 | (69.2) | 361 | (88.1) |
| Back | 859 | (22.6) | 215 | (52.4) |
| Chest | 1787 | (47.0) | 290 | (70.7) |
| Fibromyalgia | 573 | (15.1) | 133 | (32.4) |
| General chronic | 78 | (2.0) | 85 | (20.7) |
| Limb/extremity | 1686 | (44.3) | 230 | (56.1) |
| Neck | 304 | (8.0) | 65 | (15.9) |
| Neuropathic | 219 | (5.8) | 59 | (14.4) |
| Pelvic | 44 | (1.2) | 8 | (2.0) |
| Migraine/TMJ | 1050 | (27.6) | 163 | (39.8) |
*
Chronic use defined as 75+ days of use in any 90-day window
**
ER/PR=Estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor
***
Throughout study follow up - earliest of SBCE, death, disenrollment from health plan, or end of study period