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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2018 Sep 5;116:68–74. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.032

Table 1:

Sample characteristics over the four year study period (n = 4,665)(a)

Total Males (n=2282; 48.9%) Females (n=2383; 51.1%) χ2 sig.
Socio-Demographic Characteristics % % %
White (ref.) 62.9% 64.4% 61.6%
Black 31.3% 30.3% 32.3% 4.20 p=.122
‘Other race‘ 5.8% 5.3% 6.2%
Respondent is in the 7th or 8th grade (ref.) 26.2% 25.8% 26.5%
Respondent is in the 9th or 10th grade 31.3% 31.0% 31.2% 0.51 p=.737
Respondent is in the 11th or 12th grade 42.7% 43.2% 42.3%
Both parents have less than a college degree (ref.) 25.0% 24.5% 25.4%
At least one parent has a college degree or higher 75.0% 75.5% 74.6% 0.48 p=.642
High to moderate income school district (ref.) 57.5% 57.9% 57.1%
Low income school district 42.5% 42.1% 42.9% 0.31 p=.615
Potential Substance Use Disorders
Negative DAST-10 screen (0 to 1 item) (ref.) 87.2% 87.1% 87.2%
Positive DAST-10 screen (2+ items) 12.8% 12.9% 12.8% 0.01 p=.929
Negative CRAFTT screen (0 to 1 item) (ref.) 81.1% 82.3% 80.0%
Positive CRAFTT screen (2+ items) 18.9% 17.7% 20.0% 4.79 p=.029
Psychiatric Disorders
Depression (t-score 68 or lower) (ref.) 89.2% 90.5% 88.1%
Depression (Clinically Significant t-score 69+) 10.8% 9.5% 11.9% 7.05 p=.008
Anxiety (t-score 68 or lower) (ref.) 94.6% 95.7% 93.5% 11.20 p<.001
Anxiety (Clinically Significant t-score 69+) 5.4% 4.3% 6.5%
ADHD (t-score 68 or lower) (ref.) 95.3% 95.2% 95.5% 0.37 p=.545
ADHD (Clinically Significant t-score 69+) 4.7% 4.8% 4.5%
Conduct Disorder (t-score 68 or lower) (ref.) 93.7% 94.5% 92.9% 5.14 p=.023
Conduct Disorder (Clinically Significant t-score 69+) 6.3% 5.5% 7.1%
Victimization and Perpetration (total)
No past-year victimization 56.1% 66.1% 46.5% 180.73 p<.001
Past-year victimization 43.9% 33.9% 53.5%
No past-year perpetration 82.4% 77.2% 87.4%
Past-year perpetration 17.6% 22.8% 12.6% 83.81 p<.001

ref. = reference group for GEE logistic regression analysis; χ2 = chi-square test of independence; sig. = significance level.

(a) Roughly 35% of respondents participated in one wave, 27% participated in two waves, 21% participated in three waves, and 17% participated in all four waves. Roughly 23% of respondents participated at wave 1 (2009–10), 26% participated at wave 2 (201011), 26% participated at wave 3 (2011–12), and 25% participated at wave 4 (2012–2013).