Table 1.
Bivariate analysis of individual- and community-level factors associated with fever treatment-seeking behaviors
| Variable | Sought treatment for fever | P-value* | Promptly sought treatment | P-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 1,352), n (%) | Yes (n = 2,781), n (%) | No (n = 2,219), n (%) | Yes (n = 1,914), n (%) | |||
| Individual-level factors | ||||||
| Gender of child | 0.210 | 0.889 | ||||
| Male | 659 (31.7) | 1,423 (68.3) | 1,120 (53.8) | 962 (46.2) | ||
| Female | 693 (33.8) | 1,358 (66.2) | 1,099 (53.6) | 952 (46.4) | ||
| Child’s age (months) | 0.004 | 0.038 | ||||
| < 6 | 152 (38.2) | 246 (61.8) | 220 (55.3) | 178 (46.2) | ||
| 6 to < 12 | 211 (36.8) | 363 (63.2) | 332 (57.8) | 242 (42.2) | ||
| 12 to < 24 | 390 (34.6) | 736 (65.4) | 630 (56.0) | 496 (44.0) | ||
| ≥ 24 | 599 (29.4) | 1,436 (70.6) | 1,037 (51.0) | 998 (49.0) | ||
| Child had cough | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 887 (39.4) | 1,632 (60.6) | 1,982 (57.0) | 967 (43.0) | ||
| Yes | 465 (24.7) | 1,419 (75.3) | 937 (49.7) | 947 (50.3) | ||
| Child had diarrhea | 0.039 | 0.027 | ||||
| No | 810 (31.2) | 1,788 (68.8) | 1,354 (50.1) | 1,244 (47.9) | ||
| Yes | 542 (35.3) | 933 (64.7) | 865 (56.4) | 670 (43.6) | ||
| Caregiver’s age (years) | 0.162 | 0.664 | ||||
| 15–24 | 481 (30.7) | 1,086 (69.3) | 827 (52.8) | 740 (47.2) | ||
| 25–34 | 611 (33.6) | 1,207 (66.4) | 993 (54.6) | 825 (45.4) | ||
| ≥ 35 | 260 (34.8) | 488 (65.2) | 399 (53.3) | 349 (46.7) | ||
| Education | 0.277 | 0.005 | ||||
| No formal education | 189 (36.8) | 325 (63.2) | 309 (60.2) | 204 (39.8) | ||
| Primary | 900 (31.9) | 1,922 (68.1) | 1,523 (54.0) | 1,298 (46.0) | ||
| Secondary/postsecondary | 263 (33.0) | 534 (77.0) | 387 (48.4) | 412 (51.6) | ||
| Occupation | 0.056 | 0.837 | ||||
| Unemployed | 441 (35.3) | 808 (64.7) | 667 (53.4) | 582 (46.6) | ||
| Employed | 911 (31.6) | 1,973 (68.4) | 1,552 (53.8) | 1,332 (46.2) | ||
| Parity | 0.019 | 0.030 | ||||
| One | 301 (29.8) | 708 (70.2) | 519 (51.4) | 490 (48.6) | ||
| Two | 251 (29.9) | 588 (70.1) | 422 (50.3) | 417 (49.7) | ||
| Three+ | 800 (35.0) | 1,485 (65.0) | 1,278 (55.9) | 1,007 (44.1) | ||
| Religion | 0.085 | 0.052 | ||||
| Catholics | 240 (30.8) | 539 (69.2) | 401 (51.5) | 378 (48.5) | ||
| Protestants | 245 (29.3) | 591 (70.7) | 418 (50.0) | 418 (50.0) | ||
| Muslims and others | 867 (34.4) | 1,651 (65.6) | 1,400 (55.6) | 1,118 (44.4) | ||
| Marital status | 0.788 | 0.840 | ||||
| Unmarried | 235 (33.3) | 471 (66.7) | 382 (54.1) | 324 (45.9) | ||
| Married | 1,117 (32.6) | 2,310 (67.4) | 1,837 (53.6) | 1,590 (46.4) | ||
| Number of under-five children | 0.946 | 0.956 | ||||
| One | 796 (32.5) | 1,652 (67.5) | 1,312 (53.6) | 1,136 (46.4) | ||
| Two | 464 (32.8) | 949 (67.2) | 758 (53.6) | 655 (46.4) | ||
| Three+ | 92 (33.8) | 180 (66.2) | 149 (54.8) | 123 (45.2) | ||
| Media exposure | 0.863 | 0.951 | ||||
| No | 863 (32.6) | 1,783 (67.4) | 1,419 (53.6) | 1,227 (46.4) | ||
| Yes | 489 (32.9) | 998 (67.1) | 780 (48.8) | 787 (51.2) | ||
| Health behavior | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Poor | 208 (44.1) | 264 (55.9) | 305 (64.6) | 167 (35.4) | ||
| Moderate | 682 (33.3) | 1,367 (66.7) | 1,114 (54.4) | 935 (45.6) | ||
| Good | 462 (28.7) | 1,150 (71.3) | 800 (49.6) | 812 (50.4) | ||
| Distance to a health facility | 0.691 | 0.743 | ||||
| No problem | 527 (33.2) | 1,060 (66.8) | 846 (53.3) | 741 (46.7) | ||
| Problem | 825 (32.4) | 1,721 (67.6) | 1,373 (53.9) | 1,173 (46.1) | ||
| Region | 0.018 | 0.219 | ||||
| Northern | 183 (41.0) | 263 (51.0) | 262 (58.8) | 184 (41.2) | ||
| Central | 577 (31.8) | 1,239 (68.2) | 960 (52.9) | 856 (47.1) | ||
| Southern | 592 (31.6) | 1,279 (68.4) | 997 (53.3) | 874 (46.7) | ||
| Residence | 0.003 | 0.958 | ||||
| Urban | 188 (41.2) | 268 (58.8) | 244 (53.6) | 211 (46.4) | ||
| Rural | 1,164 (31.7) | 2,513 (68.3) | 1,975 (53.7) | 1,703 (46.3) | ||
| Wealth | 0.318 | 0.618 | ||||
| Poor | 629 (31.8) | 1,352 (68.2) | 1,075 (54.3) | 906 (45.7) | ||
| Middle | 269 (31.7) | 580 (68.3) | 643 (62.5) | 386 (37.5) | ||
| Rich | 454 (34.8) | 849 (65.2) | 681 (52.3) | 622 (47.7) | ||
| Gender of head of household | 0.113 | 0.805 | ||||
| Male | 1,019 (33.6) | 2,015 (66.4) | 1,624 (53.5) | 1,410 (46.5) | ||
| Female | 333 (30.3) | 766 (69.7) | 595 (54.1) | 504 (45.9) | ||
| Community-level factors | ||||||
| Community malaria prevalence | 0.694 | 0.475 | ||||
| Low | 991 (32.5) | 2,059 (67.5) | 1,623 (53.2) | 1,427 (46.8) | ||
| High | 361 (33.3) | 722 (66.7) | 596 (55.0) | 487 (45.0) | ||
| Community employment | 0.094 | 0.194 | ||||
| Low | 455 (35.9) | 811 (64.1) | 699 (55.2) | 568 (44.8) | ||
| Moderate | 355 (30.3) | 817 (69.7) | 595 (50.8) | 577 (49.2) | ||
| High | 542 (32.0) | 1,153 (68.0) | 925 (54.6) | 769 (45.4) | ||
| Community education | 0.092 | 0.011 | ||||
| Low | 578 (35.3) | 1,060 (64.7) | 943 (57.5) | 696 (42.5) | ||
| Moderate | 389 (30.0) | 906 (70.0) | 667 (51.5) | 628 (48.5) | ||
| High | 385 (32.1) | 815 (67.9) | 609 (50.8) | 590 (49.2) | ||
| Community wealth | 0.001 | 0.129 | ||||
| Low | 574 (33.2) | 1,155 (66.8) | 965 (55.8) | 764 (44.2) | ||
| Moderate | 398 (28.1) | 1,018 (71.9) | 722 (51.0) | 694 (58.8) | ||
| High | 380 (38.5) | 608 (61.5) | 532 (53.8) | 456 (46.2) | ||
| Community distance to a health facility | 0.333 | 0.024 | ||||
| Low | 315 (32.2) | 662 (67.8) | 476 (48.7) | 502 (51.3) | ||
| Moderate | 467 (31.0) | 1,038 (79.0) | 817 (54.3) | 688 (45.7) | ||
| High | 570 (34.5) | 1,081 (65.5) | 926 (56.1) | 724 (43.9) | ||
Bold = significant (P < 0.05).
* Pearson’s χ2 test.