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. 2019 May 9;40(5):e548–e555. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002198

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Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of Otology & Neurotology, Inc.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License 4.0 (CCBY-NC), where it is permissible to download, share, remix, transform, and buildup the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

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FIG. 2 — Angular trajectory of the vestibular aqueduct (ATVA, i.e., α_entrance and α_exit) measurement in normal adults, fetuses, and Menière's disease (MD) cases. (A–D) 2D-reconstructed course of the right vestibular aqueduct from multiple (3–6) histological sections in a normal adult case (79 years; A), a fetus (gestational week 8; B), an MD case with a degenerated endolymphatic sac (ES) (94 yr; C), and an MD case with a hypoplastic ES (97 yr; D). (E and F) Values of α_entrance (E) and α_exit (F) in normal adults, fetuses, and MD cases (degenerated ES, hypoplastic ES). Insets in (F) illustrate the mean angle (black lines) and the corresponding standard deviations (gray-shaded areas). Statistics: ^∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; CT indicates computed tomography; n.s., not significant. Scale bar: (A–D) 1 mm.