Table 2.

Examples of RNA viral antagonism downstream of IFN induction

Viral family	Virus	Proposed mechanism of evasion downstream of IFN signalling	References
Paramyxoviridae	Hendra virus and Nipah virus	Prevents STAT protein nucleocytoplasmic trafficking by preventing STAT complex formation via viral N protein	154
Paramyxoviridae	hPIV1	Viral C accessory protein prevents nuclear translocation of STAT proteins by an unknown mechanism	107
Paramyxoviridae	hPIV3	Viral C accessory protein prevents phosphorylation of STAT proteins	6
Paramyxoviridae	RSV	Viral NS1 and NS2 proteins induce proteosomal degradation of STAT complexes	155,156
Paramyxoviridae	SeV	Viral C accessory protein associates with STAT 1, blocking STAT 1 and STAT2 activation	109,110
Paramyxoviridae	hPIV5	Viral V protein induces STAT1 antagonism in a STAT2 dependent manner	157,158
Flaviviridae	JEV	Viral protein NS5 prevents tyrosine phosphorylation of TYK2 and STAT1	104
Flaviviridae	WNV	Viral protein NS5 prevents accumulation of phosphorylated STAT1	101
Paramyxoviridae	Hendra virus and Nipah virus	Viral V protein sequester STAT2 in the cytoplasm	159–162
Paramyxoviridae	hPIV2	Viral V protein induces STAT2 degradation	163
Paramyxoviridae	Measles virus	Viral V protein sequesters STAT2	164
Flaviviridae	DENV	Viral protein NS5 reduces STAT2 expression, mediates STAT2 binding and degradation, blocks STAT2 phosphorylation, and co-opts host UBR4 protein, mediating STAT2 degradation	95–98
Flaviviridae	ZIKV	Viral protein NS5 mediates STAT2 degradation in humans, but not in mice	99,100
Flaviviridae	JEV	Unknown viral protein blocks tyrosine phosphorylation, blunting JAK–STAT signalling	103
Flaviviridae	YFV	IFN-I activation of the JAK–STAT pathway allows viral protein NS5 to inhibit STAT signalling	106
Bunyaviridae	ANDV and SNV	Viral GPC protein inhibits JAK–STAT signal amplification	152
Flaviviridae	WNV and TBEV	Viral protein NS5 sequesters cellular prolidase, limiting expression of IFNAR1 cell surface expression	102
Paramyxoviridae	Measles virus	Viral V protein induces type I IFN in a STAT2-dependent and STAT1-independent manner, subverting antiviral IFN effects	165
Flaviviridae	JEV	Viral protein NS5 prevents IFN-β induced responses, such as ISG expression	105