Table 3.

Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI for all-cause mortality, according to quartile of frequency of ultra-processed food intake (times/d), among adults aged ≥20 years (n 11898), Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994)

	Quartile of frequency of ultra-processed food intake
	Quartile 1 (n 2982)		Quartile 2 (n 2989)		Quartile 3 (n 2985)		Quartile 4 (n 2942)
	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	P-trend
Deaths due to all causes, n	625		588		617		621
Model 1*	1·00	Reference	0·98	0·82, 1·16	1·02	0·83, 1·24	1·29	1·09, 1·53	0·002
Model 2†	1·00	Reference	0·98	0·83, 1·17	1·06	0·85, 1·29	1·31	1·09, 1·58	0·001
Model 3‡	1·00	Reference	0·99	0·83, 1·18	1·06	0·87, 1·30	1·30	1·08, 1·57	0·001

^*Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity and total energy intake.

^†Model 2 was adjusted for the variables in Model 1 plus poverty level, education level, smoking status, physical activity and alcohol intake.

^‡Model 3 was adjusted for the variables in Model 2 plus BMI, hypertension status, total cholesterol and estimated glomerular filtration rate.