TABLE 2.
Micronutrient and inflammation blood biomarker concentrations of women expecting to become pregnant in Asesewa, Ghana1
| Biomarker | Mean (SD) | Geometric mean (95% CI) | Median [IQR] | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum | ||||
| α1-acid glycoprotein,2 mg/dL | 68.9 (41.3) | 60.5 (54.7, 66.8) | 58.0 [42.1, 81.0] | 18.2–306.9 |
| Iron, µg/dL | 77.4 (42.2) | 65.8 (57.8, 74.8) | 75.0 [48.0, 96.0] | 3.0–275.0 |
| Ferritin, µg/L | 74.4 (60.6) | 51.4 (42.3, 62.4) | 51.5 [32.7, 101.6] | 1.4–284.1 |
| Adjusted ferritin,3 µg/L | 71.3 (57.9) | 49.2 (40.4, 59.9) | 51.5 [31.5, 98.5] | 1.4–284.1 |
| Total iron binding capacity, µg/dL | 312.8 (71.7) | 306.0 (293.6, 318.9) | 302.5 [271.0, 334.0] | 164.0–721.0 |
| Transferrin saturation, % | 25.5 (13.6) | 21.1 (18.2, 24.3) | 25.5 [15.0, 33.0] | 1.0–67.0 |
| 25(OH)D,4 nmol/L | 65.1 (14.2) | 63.5 (60.7, 66.5) | 65.0 [53.9, 73.1] | 31.0–102.6 |
| 25(OH)D C3 epimer, nmol/L | 2.9 (1.4) | 2.6 (2.4, 2.9) | 2.7 [1.9, 3.7] | 0.8–7.3 |
| Total 25(OH)D, nmol/L | 68.0 (15.0) | 66.3 (63.4, 69.4) | 68.7 [56.1, 75.9] | 32.1–107.6 |
| Plasma | ||||
| Copper,5 µg/dL | 114.8 (25.2) | 111.9 (106.7, 117.2) | 114.0 [101.8, 127.4] | 60.2–195.6 |
| Zinc, µg/dL | 81.6 (12.0) | 80.7 (78.4, 83.1) | 79.6 [71.6, 91.6] | 59.2–119.6 |
| Adjusted zinc,6 µg/dL | 83.1 (13.9) | 82.0 (79.4, 84.7) | 79.9 [72.1, 93.2] | 59.2–134.0 |
| Retinol, µg/dL | 37.3 (13.8) | 35.1 (32.7, 37.6) | 35.6 [28.8, 43.4] | 14.4–105.2 |
| Adjusted retinol,7 µg/dL | 38.0 (14.2) | 35.7 (33.3, 38.3) | 36.2 [29.0, 44.3] | 14.4–105.2 |
| Whole blood | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.3 (1.3) | 12.2 (11.9, 12.5) | 12.4 [11.7, 13.2] | 6.1–14.8 |
1
n = 98. 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
2
Marker of inflammation; 11 α1-acid glycoprotein values were >100 mg/dL.
3
Adjustment using correction factors from Thurnham et al. (37).
4
Marker of vitamin D status; total 25(OH)D is 25(OH)D + the C3 epimer fraction.
5
n = 97 due to 1 missing value.
6
Adjustment using correction factors from Mburu et al. (38).
7
Marker of vitamin A status; adjustment using correction factors from Thurnham et al. (39).