Figure 6.

CSF-2-Induced Multiple Growth Factors Are Associated with PI3K/Akt and/or FAK/ERK 1/2 Signaling

Human growth factor antibody array analysis was performed using CSF-2-treated and control samples. The membrane was printed with antibodies for 40 growth factors, cytokines, and receptors, with four positive and four negative controls in the upper and lower left corners. (A) Six growth factors or related proteins (AR, G-CSF, GDNF, GM-CSF, HB-EGF, and PDGF) were markedly enriched in the CSF-2-treated groups compared with those in the control groups. (B–E) Differentially expressed genes from proliferative cells and nonproliferative cells were applied to ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software (https://www.qiagenbioinformatics.com/) to predict the activation state (either activated or inhibited) of six growth factors and their related signaling pathways. Big data were analyzed using the Seiber dataset (GEO: GSE63074, GSE62564, GSE63074, and GSE28878) from R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform (https://hgserver1.amc.nl/cgi-bin/r2/main.cgi). The gene datasets were filtered by the expression profiles of six growth factors in proliferative versus nonproliferative cells. (F) The GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) was analyzed to further verify the expression levels of these growth factors in various aspects of stem cell functions. The results represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments.