Table 5. Adjusted odds ratios for urine test according to geographic region and calendar year.
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | 2002 | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | ||
| Capital region | |||||||||
| Capital* | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Non-capital | 0.92 (0.92–0.93) | 0.92 (0.92–0.93) | 0.92 (0.91–0.92) | 0.93 (0.93–0.93) | 0.92 (0.92–0.93) | 0.92 (0.92–0.92) | 0.91 (0.91–0.92) | 0.92 (0.92–0.92) | |
| Urbanization level | |||||||||
| Metropolitan | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Urban | 0.90 (0.90–0.91) | 0.94 (0.93–0.94) | 0.94 (0.94–0.94) | 0.96 (0.96–0.96) | 0.90 (0.90–0.91) | 0.94 (0.93–0.94) | 0.94 (0.94–0.94) | 0.96 (0.96–0.96) | |
| Rural | 0.80 (0.80–0.81) | 0.83 (0.83–0.84) | 0.88 (0.88–0.89) | 0.91 (0.91–0.92) | 0.80 (0.79–0.80) | 0.83 (0.83–0.84) | 0.88 (0.87–0.88) | 0.91 (0.90–0.91) | |
| Region | |||||||||
| Seoul | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Busan | 0.85 (0.84–0.86) | 0.91 (0.90–0.92) | 0.89 (0.89–0.90) | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | 0.85 (0.84–0.86) | 0.91 (0.91–0.92) | 0.89 (0.89–0.90) | 0.93 (0.92–0.93) | |
| Daegu | 0.91 (0.90–0.92) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.91 (0.90–0.91) | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) | 0.91 (0.90–0.92) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.90 (0.90–0.91) | 0.88 (0.88–0.89) | |
| Incheon | 0.86 (0.85–0.87) | 0.92 (0.91–0.92) | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | 0.87 (0.86–0.88) | 0.92 (0.92–0.93) | 0.96 (0.96–0.97) | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | |
| Gwangju | 1.14 (1.12–1.16) | 1.09 (1.08–1.11) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) | 1.14 (1.12–1.16) | 1.09 (1.08–1.11) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | |
| Daejeon | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 0.86 (0.85–0.87) | 0.88 (0.87–0.89) | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 0.86 (0.85–0.87) | 0.88 (0.87–0.89) | |
| Ulsan | 0.81 (0.80–0.83) | 0.84 (0.82–0.85) | 0.78 (0.77–0.79) | 0.78 (0.78–0.79) | 0.82 (0.80–0.83) | 0.84 (0.82–0.85) | 0.78 (0.77–0.79) | 0.78 (0.77–0.79) | |
| Gyeonggi | 0.82 (0.82–0.83) | 0.91 (0.90–0.91) | 0.90 (0.90–0.90) | 0.93 (0.93–0.94) | 0.83 (0.82–0.83) | 0.91 (0.91–0.92) | 0.90 (0.90–0.90) | 0.93 (0.93–0.94) | |
| Gangwon | 0.82 (0.80–0.83) | 0.82 (0.81–0.82) | 0.86 (0.86–0.87) | 0.89 (0.88–0.89) | 0.81 (0.80–0.83) | 0.82 (0.81–0.83) | 0.86 (0.85–0.87) | 0.88 (0.87–0.89) | |
| Chungbuk | 0.74 (0.73–0.75) | 0.77 (0.76–0.78) | 0.81 (0.80–0.82) | 0.85 (0.85–0.86) | 0.74 (0.73–0.75) | 0.78 (0.77–0.78) | 0.81 (0.80–0.81) | 0.85 (0.84–0.86) | |
| Chungnam† | 0.82 (0.81–0.84) | 0.84 (0.83–0.84) | 0.86 (0.85–0.86) | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) | 0.82 (0.81–0.84) | 0.84 (0.83–0.84) | 0.85 (0.84–0.86) | 0.88 (0.88–0.89) | |
| Jeonbuk | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | 0.93 (0.93–0.94) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | |
| Jeonnam | 0.80 (0.80–0.82) | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) | 0.90 (0.90–0.91) | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | 0.80 (0.79–0.82) | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) | 0.90 (0.89–0.91) | 0.92 (0.91–0.93) | |
| Gyeongbuk | 0.80 (0.79–0.81) | 0.79 (0.79–0.80) | 0.80 (0.79–0.80) | 0.82 (0.81–0.82) | 0.80 (0.79–0.81) | 0.79 (0.79–0.80) | 0.79 (0.79–0.80) | 0.81 (0.80–0.81) | |
| Gyeongnam | 0.70 (0.69–0.71) | 0.82 (0.81–0.82) | 0.82 (0.82–0.83) | 0.85 (0.85–0.86) | 0.70 (0.69–0.71) | 0.82 (0.81–0.82) | 0.82 (0.82–0.83) | 0.85 (0.84–0.85) | |
| Jeju | 0.82 (0.80–0.85) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 1.10 (1.09–1.12) | 0.82 (0.79–0.85) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 1.10 (1.08–1.11) | |
All values are reported as odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals). Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 was further adjusted for employment status and income quartiles.
*Capital region includes Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi; †Sejong was merged with Chungnam.