Table 2. Baseline characteristics of all patients and by Asian regions enrolled in PARADIGM-HF.
| Overall (n=8,399) | All Asia (n=1,469) | East Asia (n=542) | South Asia (n=621) | South-East Asia (n=306) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.8±11.4 | 57.8±11.9 | 59.7±11.9 | 57.1±11.7 | 56.0±11.8 | ||
| Sex (female) | 1,832 (21.8) | 287 (19.5) | 96 (17.7) | 134 (21.6) | 57 (18.6) | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | 121±15 | 117±15 | 116±14.6 | 117±13 | 119±17 | ||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 72±12 | 75±11 | 73±12 | 77±9 | 75±13 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.1±5.5 | 24.3±4.1 | 25.0±3.8 | 23.5±3.9 | 24.6±4.8 | ||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.12±0.3 | 1.06±0.3 | 1.05±0.3 | 1.03±0.3 | 1.15±0.3 | ||
| Clinical features of HF | |||||||
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 5,036 (60.0) | 855 (58.2) | 209 (38.6) | 449 (72.3) | 197 (64.4) | ||
| LVEF (%) | 29.5±6.2 | 28.1±5.9 | 29.5±5.3 | 27.5±5.8 | 27.0±6.6 | ||
| Median NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 1,615 (888–3,231) | 1,731 (914–3,700) | 1,775 (934–3,828) | 1,530 (832–3,105) | 2,147 (1,077–4,679) | ||
| Median KCCQ CSS | 80 (63–92) | 89 (79–96) | 91 (82–97) | 87 (77–96) | 89 (71–97) | ||
| NYHA class | |||||||
| I | 389 (4.6) | 119 (8.1) | 23 (4.3) | 37 (6.0) | 59 (19.3) | ||
| II | 5,919 (70.6) | 1,164 (79.3) | 426 (78.7) | 503 (81.0) | 235 (76.8) | ||
| III | 2,018 (24.1) | 182 (12.4) | 92 (17.0) | 78 (12.6) | 12 (3.9) | ||
| IV | 60 (0.7) | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Medical history | |||||||
| Hypertension | 5,940 (70.7) | 714 (48.6) | 276 (50.9) | 258 (41.5) | 180 (58.8) | ||
| Diabetes | 2,907 (34.6) | 510 (34.7) | 176 (32.5) | 230 (37.0) | 104 (34.0) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 3,091 (36.8) | 247 (16.8) | 155 (28.6) | 32 (5.2) | 60 (19.6) | ||
| MI | 3,634 (43.3) | 503 (34.2) | 150 (27.7) | 262 (42.2) | 91 (29.7) | ||
| Stroke | 725 (8.6) | 89 (6.1) | 42 (7.7) | 13 (2.1) | 34 (11.1) | ||
| Hospitalization for HF | 5,274 (62.8) | 888 (60.4) | 415 (76.6) | 288 (46.4) | 185 (60.5) | ||
| Pretrial use of ACEI | 6,532 (77.8) | 996 (67.8) | 334 (61.6) | 491 (79.1) | 171 (55.9) | ||
| Pretrial use of ARB | 1,892 (22.5) | 474 (32.3) | 207 (38.2) | 132 (21.3) | 135 (44.1) | ||
| Current smoker | 1,208 (14.4) | 967 (14.0) | 152 (28.0) | 50 (8.1) | 39 (12.7) | ||
| Clinical features | |||||||
| Dyspnoea at rest | 309 (3.7) | 19 (1.3) | 4 (0.7) | 11 (1.8) | 4 (1.3) | ||
| Dyspnoea on effort | 7,207 (86.0) | 1,146 (78.2) | 420 (77.6) | 570 (91.8) | 156 (51.3) | ||
| PND | 399 (4.8) | 40 (2.7) | 8 (1.5) | 27 (4.3) | 5 (1.7) | ||
| Orthopnoea | 608 (7.3) | 53 (3.6) | 5 (0.9) | 26 (4.2) | 22 (7.3) | ||
| JVD | 818 (9.8) | 83 (5.7) | 18 (3.3) | 62 (10.0) | 3 (1.0) | ||
| Peripheral oedema | 1,748 (20.8) | 175 (11.9) | 23 (4.3) | 203 (32.7) | 28 (9.2) | ||
| Treatment at randomization | |||||||
| Diuretic | 6,738 (80.2) | 1,080 (73.5) | 372 (68.6) | 545 (87.8) | 163 (53.3) | ||
| Digitalis | 2,539 (30.2) | 652 (44.4) | 219 (40.4) | 296 (47.7) | 137 (44.8) | ||
| Beta-blocker | 4,671 (55.6) | 825 (56.2) | 359 (66.2) | 285 (45.9) | 181 (59.2) | ||
| ICD | 1,243 (14.8) | 26 (1.8) | 23 (4.2) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.7) | ||
| CRT | 574 (6.8) | 42 (2.9) | 38 (7.0) | 3 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | ||
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or median (interquartile range) or number (%).
ACEI = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI = body mass index; CRT = cardiac resynchronization therapy; ICD = implantable cardioverter defibrillator; JVD = jugular venous distension; KCCQ CSS = Kansas city cardiomyopathy questionnaire clinical summary score; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; MI = myocardial infarction; NT-proBNP = N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA = New York Heart Association; PARADIGM-HF = Prospective comparison of Angiotensin Receptor-neprilysin inhibitor with Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure trial; PND = paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea; SBP = systolic blood pressure.