Table 2.

Reported Salmonella spp. detection methods (alternative to culture methods) and detection limits achieved for selected serovars.

Detection platform	Method/format	Target foodborne pathogen	Sample matrix	Assay time	Detection limit	Reference
Colorimetric	Nucleic acid-based, gold nanoparticles	S. Agona, S. Anatum, S. Berta, S. Derby, S. Dublin, S. Enteriditis, S. Gallinarum, S. Heidelberg, S. Infantis, S. Javiana, S. Kentucy, S. Mbandaka, S. Montevideo, S. Muenster, S. Newport, S. Oranienburg, S. Saintpaul, S. Senftenberg, S. Thompson, S. Typhimurium	Blueberry, chicken meat with skin, soil	optical detection ≤ 1 h; enrichment + detection for more than 50 samples < 9 h	<10 CFU/mL or g	This study
Digital PCR	Nucleic acid-based	S. Typhimurium	Milk	4 h	102 CFU/mL	Wang et al., 2018
Multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification	Nucleic acid-based	S. Typhimurium	Milk	20 h	5 CFU/10 mL	Shao et al., 2011
Two-step real-time PCR	Nucleic acid-based	S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Newport, S. Heidelberg, and S. Hadar	Ground beef	4 h, > 24 h with enrichment	0.156 CFU/g	Bugarel et al., 2017
Multiplex PCR	Nucleic acid-based	S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhi	Poultry meat broth	18 h	–	de Freitas et al., 2010
Electrochemical immunosensor	ELISA-based	S. Typhimurium	Chicken breast	>24 h	102–103 CFU/mL	Salam and Tothill, 2009
Optical immunochromatographic strip	ELISA-based	S. Typhimurium	Water	20 min	103 CFU/mL	Park et al., 2010
Optical	ELISA-aptamer-gold nanoparticles	S. Typhimurium	Milk	3 h	103 CFU/mL	Wu et al., 2014
Differential pulse voltammetry	Magneto immuno-based	S. Typhimurium LT2	Skimmed milk	1.5 h	143 cells/mL	Afonso et al., 2013
Optical grating coupler (OGC) sensor	Immuno-based	S. Typhimurium	Pure culture	–	1.3 × 103 CFU/mL	Kim et al., 2007
Multiplex fiber optic biosensor	Immuno-based	S. Enteritidis	Meat (beef, turkey, chicken)	18 h with enrichment	103 CFU/mL	Ohk and Bhunia, 2013
Time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) assay	Immuno-based	S. Enteritidis	Egg and chicken breast	2–6 h with enrichment	102 CFU/mL	Valadez et al., 2009
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)	Immuno-based	S. Typhimurium	Chicken meat	>16 h with enrichment	10–20 CFU/mL	Uludag and Köktürk, 2015
Colorimetric	Immune and gold nanoparticles-based	S. Typhimurium	Water	15 min	104 CFU/mL	Wang et al., 2010
Electrochemical aptasensor	Aptamer-based	S. Typhimurium	Apple juice	30 min	102 CFU/mL	Bagheryan et al., 2016
Magnetoelastic biosensors	Phage-based	S. Typhimurium	Fresh tomato surfaces	30 min	5 × 102 CFU/mL	Li et al., 2010