Table 1.
Overview of the described neurodegenerative disease models
| Disease model | Description |
|---|---|
| Multiple sclerosis | |
| EAE | EAE is actively induced by peripheral immunization with myelin‐specific proteins or peptides in combination with an adjuvant, or passively by transfer of encephalitogenic T cells |
| Cuprizone | Administration of the copper chelator cuprizone will induce local demyelination of the corpus callosum |
| Stroke | |
| Permanent MCAO | Permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery is obtained using an intraluminal suture |
| Transient MCAO | Intraluminal suture MCAO utilizes a suture inserted into the middle cerebral artery to interrupt the blood flow for a specific duration and is afterward removed. Embolic stroke MCAO uses an autologous blood clot injected into the MCA to occlude the vessel |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) | Stroke condition provoked by injection of autologous arterial blood into the basal ganglia |
| TBI and SCI | |
| Controlled cortical impact (CCI) | A mechanical model of traumatic brain injury. Following craniotomy, the CCI device mechanically transfers energy onto the dura mater damaging the cortex, and sometimes the subcortical structures |
| Impact acceleration model | The exposed skull is covered with a steel disk and a weight is dropped onto the steel disk |
| Contusion model of spinal cord injury | A transient force is applied by either an electromagnetic device or a weight‐drop to displace and damage the spinal cord |
| Alzheimer disease | |
| APP/PS1 | Mouse model expressing human APP695 with the Swedish double mutation (K670N/M671L) and a mutant human presenilin 1 (PS1‐dE9) |
| 3xTgAD | Mouse model expressing human APP695 with the Swedish double mutation (K670N/M671L), human PS1 with the M146V mutation, and human Tau with the P301L mutation |
| Tg2567 | Mouse model expressing human APP695 with the Swedish double mutation (K670N/M671L) at the β‐secretase cleavage site |
| 5xFAD | Mouse model expressing human APP and PSEN1 transgenes with a total of five AD‐linked mutations: the Swedish (K670N/M671L), Florida (I716V), and London (V717I) mutations in APP, and M146L and L286V mutations in PSEN1 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | |
| TgSOD1‐G93A | Mouse model expressing a G93A mutant form of human SOD1 |
| hSOD1 G37R | Mouse model expressing a G37R mutant form of human SOD1 |
| hSOD1 G85R | Mouse model expressing a G85R mutant form of human SOD1 |
| Parkinson disease | |
| A53T | Mouse model expressing the mutant human A53T alpha‐synuclein. |
| LPS‐induced PD | Injection of LPS in the left substantia nigra pars compacta |
| 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced PD | Injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine in the medial forebrain bundle |
| MPTP‐induced PD | Intraperitoneal injection of MPTP five times at 2‐h intervals |
| Prion disease | |
| Scrapie‐infected | Intracerebral infections with brain homogenate of scrapie strain 139A‐infected mice or intracerebral injection with RML6 (passage 6 of Rocky Mountain Laboratory strain mouse‐adapted scrapie prions) |
| Tg(CJD) | Mouse model expressing a misfolded mutant PrP (D177N/V128) |
| Huntington disease | |
| R6/2 | Transgenic mice expressing exon 1 of human huntingtin with expanded CAG/polyglutamine repeat |