Figure 3.

a) An overview of the most common extrusion bioprinting approaches; reprinted with permission from Malda et al. 2013⁷⁷. b) Schematic of the theoretical modeling, with an inset showing a realistic velocity profile inside the nozzle. c) Theoretical simulation of normalized strand diameter (d/D) versus normalized viscosity ($\overline{K}$: K divided by water viscosity) and theoretical simulation of normalized strand diameter (d/D) versus nozzle moving speed (V) for four power-law constant values. d) Numerical simulation of normalized strand diameter (d/D) versus normalized speed ($\overline{\mathit{V}}$= V divided by inlet velocity of bioink ~ V_max/2; for n=0.3 and $\overline{K}$=100; circle; red) and normalized viscosity ($\overline{K}$for n=0.3 and $\overline{\mathit{V}}$=3; square; blue), where 3D perspectives of extruded bioinks are shown for the extreme case. e) 3D perspective view of bioink extruded for four viscosity ratios ($\overline{K}$) and n=0.3. f) 3D perspective view of bioink extruded for four velocity ratios ($\overline{\mathit{V}}$) and n=0.3.