Table 3.

Normative values by age.

Dominant side ROM (°), mean (95% CI)
Age category (years)	18 to 29	30 to 39	40 to 49	50 to 59	60 to 69	70 to 79
Male (n = 166)	33	27	28	27	25	26
Active
Flexion	146 (144 to 148)	145 (142 to 147)	143 (141 to 146)	143 (141 to 146)	141 (139 t 143)	139 (138 to 141)
Extension	−1 (−3 to 0)	−1 (−2 to 0)	0 (−1 to 2)	0 (−1 to 1)	1 (−1 to 3)	2 (1 to 4)
Pronation	81 (79 to 83)	80 (77 to 83)	81 (78 to 83)	79 (77 to 81)	74 (72 to 76)	74 (72 to 76)
Supination	89 (88 to 91)	87 (84 to 90)	86 (84 to 88)	85 (83 to 87)	81 (78 to 84)	81 (79 to 83)
Passive
Flexion	151 (149 to 153)	150 (147 to 152)	147 (145 to 149)	148 (146 to 150)	144 (142 to 146)	142.7 (141 to 144)
Extension	−3 (−5 to −2)	−2 (−4 to −1)	−2 (−4 to 1)	−2 (−3 to 0	0 (−2 to 1)	1 (−1 to 2)
Pronation	86 (84 to 87)	83 (80 to 86)	85 (82 to 87)	83 (81 to 85)	78 (75 to 80)	77 (75 to 79)
Supination	94 (92 to 96)	92 (89 to 95)	91 (89 to 93)	89 (87 to 91)	84 (82 to 87)	83 (81 to 85)
Female (n = 186)	57	25	29	25	25	25
Active
Flexion	149 (148 to 151)	153 (152 to 155)	149 (147 to 151)	148 (146 to 149)	145 (143 to 148)	142 (140 to 144)
Extension	−8 (−10 to −6)	−6 (−8 to −4)	−5 (−7 to −3)	−1 (−3 to 2)	−2 (−4 to −1)	−2 (−4 to −01)
Pronation	83 (82 to 85)	87 (85 to 89)	86 (84 to 87)	80 (77 to 82)	78 (75 to 81)	76 (74 to 78)
Supination	92 (90 to 93)	93 (91 to 95)	90 (89 to 91)	87 (85 to 89)	84 (81 to 86)	81 (79 to 84)
Passive
Flexion	155 (154 to 157)	158 (156 to 160)	154 (152 to 156)	152 (150 to 154)	149 (146 to 152)	145 (143 to 147)
Extension	−12 (−14 to −10)	−10 (−12 to −8)	−8 (−11 to −6)	−3 (−6 to 0	−5 (−7 to −4)	−4 (−6 to −3)
Pronation	89 (88 to 91)	91 (90 to 93)	90 (89 to 91)	84 (80 to 86)	82 (79 to 85)	79 (76 to 81)
Supination	96 (96 to 98)	98 (96 to 101)	94 (92 to 95)	91 (89 to 93)	87 (85 to 89)	84 (82 to 86)

CI, confidence interval; ROM, range of motion.