Table 5.
Intra- and inter-rater reliability.
| Movement (dominant side) | Intra-rater reliability |
Inter-rater reliability |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICC (95% CI) | SEM | SDD | ICC (95% CI) | SEM | SDD | |
| Active | ||||||
| Flexion | 0.76 (0.47 to 0.90) | 3° | 7° | 0.86 (0.53 to 0.96) | 2° | 5° |
| Extension | 0.92 (0.80 to 0.97) | 2° | 6° | 0.89 (0.63 to 0.97) | 1° | 4° |
| Pronation | 0.90 (0.77 to 0.96) | 3° | 8° | 0.92 (0.47 to 0.98) | 3° | 7° |
| Supination | 0.91 (0.78 to 0.96) | 3° | 8° | 0.87 (0.56 to 0.97) | 3° | 8° |
| Passive | ||||||
| Flexion | 0.74 (0.45 to 0.89) | 3° | 7° | 0.79 (0.33 to 0.94) | 2° | 6° |
| Extension | 0.95 (0.88 to 0.98) | 2° | 5° | 0.85 (0.52 to 0.96) | 2° | 5° |
| Pronation | 0.86 (0.69 to 0.94) | 3° | 9° | 0.91 (0.54 to 0.98) | 3° | 8° |
| Supination | 0.90 (0.75 to 0.96) | 3° | 7° | 0.82 (0.46 to 0.95) | 3° | 9° |
As an example, in dominant side active flexion the SEM was 3°, which means that individual scores had an average measurement error of 3°. SDD in this measurement was 7°, which means that, if the dominant side active elbow flexion for a subject changes by more than 7°, the change is considered as a true change with 95% confidence.
CI, confidence interval; ICC, intraclass coefficient; SDD, smallest detectable difference.