Table 1.

Related potential hazards by AM process category.

Category	Feedstock materials	Feedstock form	Binding/fusing	Most prominent potential hazards
Material extrusion	Thermoplastics (may include additives)	Spooled filament, pellet, or granulate	Electrical heating element-induced melting/cooling	Inhalation exposure to VOCs, particulate, additives; burns
Powder bed fusion	Metal, ceramic, or plastic	Powder	High-powered laser or electron beam heating	Inhalation/dermal exposure to powder, fume; explosion; laser/radiation exposure
Vat photopolymerization	Photopolymer	Liquid resin	Ultraviolet-laser induced curing	Inhalation of VOCs; dermal exposure to resins and solvents, ultraviolet exposure
Material jetting	Photopolymer or wax	Liquid ink	Ultraviolet-light induced curing	Inhalation of VOCs; dermal exposure to resins and solvents, ultraviolet exposure
Binder jetting	Metal, ceramic, plastic, or sand	Powder	Adhesive	Inhalation/dermal exposure to powder; explosion; inhalation of VOCs, dermal exposure to binders
Sheet lamination	Metal, ceramic, or plastic	Rolled film or sheet	Adhesive or ultrasonic welding	Inhalation of fumes, VOCs; shock, laser/radiation exposure