Table 1.

Use of the FEM to evaluate the stress of short implants

S.No	Author	Year	Study Variables	Conclusion
1	Yashwant AV et al[17]	2017	5 diverse short implants designs in thread shape were selected with 10 different screws in every group. Polyurethane foam in perpendicular direction was used to load the short implants. Instrom testing machine was used to test pull-out strength. Short implants with reverse buttress thread shape were used as control group.	Trapezoidal fluted short implants displayed the maximum pull out strength when equated to short implants with other thread designs.
2	Küçükkurt S et al[18]	2017	Authors compared the success of sinus lifting and alternative treatment methods in applying dental implants in cases lacking adequate bone due to pneumatization of the maxillary sinus.	LSL method should be the first choice among treatment options. Considering its successful results under conditions of oblique forces, the SIP method may be preferable to the TIP method. In contrast, every effort should be made to avoid the use of DCs.
3	Yazicioglu D et al[19]	2016	Study was conducted to assess stress dissemination in short dental implants as well as bone-to-implant contact ratio in the maxilla posterior region by means of 3D –FEM analysis.	It was observed that von Mises stress were thrice in implants and the cancellous bone with 70% bone-to-implant contact group when compared with that of 100% bone-to-implant contact group.
4	Sotto-Maior BS et al[20]	2016	Research was done to mimic bone remodelling surrounding single implants of different lengths using Finite Element Analysis. This study was carried out to check the theoretical prediction of crestal bone loss by means of clinical results.	Results of the study revealed that mechano- regulatory tissue models may well be engaged in observing the structural alterations in bone when exposed to biomechanical stress. Study also revealed that, implant length did not impact the bone remodeling surrounding single dental implants for the period of one year after loading.
5	Kheiralla LS et al[21]	2014	In this study physical responses of 3 single crowns reinforced by 3 dissimilar implants under axial, off-axial loading were equated. Strain gauges and finite element analysis was carried out to calculate the strain brought by axial, off-axial functional loads of 300 N.	The researchers concluded that the standard as well as short-wide implants showed preference in reinforcing crowns. It was observed that the standard implant displayed the shortmum strains under axial and off-axial loading using Finite Element Analysis simulation. On the contrary the short-wide implant displayed the shortmal strains under nonaxial loading by means of strain gauge analysis.
6	Balkaya MC et al[22]	2014	The aim remained to evaluate the biomechanical performance of implants by means of a variable number, angulation, and size using three dimensional Finite Element Analysis.	The results of the study revealed reducing cantilever distance using distal implant angulation shortmises stress in and around implant, and cortical bone.
7	Kang N et al[23]	2014	Researchers carried a study to determine the biomechanics of short dental implants.	It was observed that implants with diameter greater than 5.5 mm and superior bone quality may be desirable to get better clinical results. However the researchers also cautioned that forward looking clinical studies were mandatory to confirm this.
8	Kim S et al[24]	2104	A recent in vitro study was carried out to assess biomechanical performance of short dental implants with different heights of residual bone. They also related it by means of standard dental implants ie (<13 mm) residual bone using Finite Element Analysis.	Results revealed that the stimulatory condition without maxillary sinus bone graft revealed additional operational stress dissemination may possibly be attained in 4, 5, 6, or 7 mm of residual bone with short dental implants than in 13 mm of residual bone when compared to regular dental implants.
9	Baggi L et al[25]	2013	The researchers conducted a study with an intention of investigating the effect of implant design, in-bone positioning depth, and post healing crestal structure. This was to evaluate the load transfer means of osseointegrated dental implants based on the platform-switching model.	The study outcome revealed that the recognition of the joint influence of a numerous causes affecting the bone-implant loading transfer mechanisms. The results also provided valuable insights and suggestions for selecting implants.
10	Toniollo MB et al[26]	2013	In this finite element study comparison of stress dissemination on outer surface of dissimilar morse taper implants with variable length of implants as well as proportions of metal- ceramic crowns in order to preserve the occlusal integrity.	It was observed that 5mm implants which were located at the cortical bone level, has higher elastic modulus and may have influenced at the stress distribution. Conversely higher stresses on these implants were able to endure the applied forces considerably well.
11	Toniollo MB et al[27]	2012	The study likened stress dissemination on various bony ridges substituted by diverse lengths of morse taper implants, variable dimensions of metal-ceramic crowns to preserve the occlusal orientation.	They concluded that the cases needing short implant prostheses need cautious assessment and occlusal adjustment. Overloading of short implants, as well as in regular implants, be able to cause stress beyond the physiological threshold of the surrounding bone.
12	de Carvalho NA et al[28]	2012	Research was carried out to calculate stress dissemination in peri-implant bone mimicking the effect on regular as well as platforms switched implants in the maxilla anterior region by means of FEM.	The effect of platform switching was quite obvious on cortical bone when compared with the trabecular bone for the short and long implants. It was observed that the long implants displayed lesser stress values when compared to the short implants, mainly when the platform switched implants were used.