Table 1.
Characteristics of diabetic subjects with HbA1c ≤7.0 and > 7.0%
| ≤7.0% (n = 465) | > 7.0% (n = 453) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 69 (65–73) | 69 (65–73) | 0.991 |
| Male sex, n, % | 205, 44.1% | 190, 41.9% | 0.512a |
| Tobacco smoking n, % | 46, 9.9% | 45, 9.9% | 0.983a |
| Alcohol drinking, n, % | 62, 13.3% | 69, 15.2% | 0.411a |
| Income status, n, % | |||
| no data | 159, 34.2% | 161, 35.5% | |
| low | 20, 4.3% | 22, 4.9% | |
| medium | 261, 56.1% | 259, 57.2% | |
| High | 25, 5.4% | 11, 2.4% | 0.145b |
| Height, cm | 160 (155–165) | 159 (154–164) | 0.112 |
| Weight, kg | 62 (55–70) | 61 (55–68) | 0.194 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 85 (79–90) | 85 (80–90) | 0.666 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.44 (22.25–26.31) | 24.10 (22.21–26.12) | 0.498 |
| WHtR | 0.53 (0.50–0.56) | 0.53 (0.50–0.57) | 0.304 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 6 (4–8) | 7 (4–10) | < 0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes, n, % | |||
| in last 5 years | 230, 49.5% | 168, 37.1% | |
| 6–10 years | 184, 39.6% | 197, 43.5% | |
| more than 10 years | 51, 10.9% | 88, 19.4% | < 0.001a |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 6.36 (5.68–7.08) | 8.51 (7.39–10.35) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.30 (5.90–6.70) | 8.10 (7.50–9.10) | < 0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.91 (4.28–5.62) | 5.06 (4.42–5.87) | 0.014 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.52 (1.11–2.13) | 1.59 (1.13–2.29) | 0.104 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.46 ± 0.75 | 2.54 ± 0.82 | 0.150 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) | 1.16 (1.00–1.34) | 0.663 |
| TyG | 8.94(8.57–9.31) | 9.30(8.93–9.75) | < 0.001 |
| TyG-BMI | 218.53(198.27–241.08) | 225.88(204.68–250.18) | < 0.001 |
| TyG-WC | 758.76(693.72–819.11) | 788.69(729.66–857.42) | < 0.001 |
| VAI | 2.13(1.40–3.10) | 2.30(1.37–3.55) | 0.100 |
| LAP | 35.47(23.67–51.73) | 38.97(22.69–58.23) | 0.085 |
| DBP, mmHg | 78 (70–82) | 79 (72–80) | 0.926 |
| SBP, mmHg | 130 (126–138) | 130 (126–138) | 0.998 |
| Hypertension, n, % | 105, 22.6% | 94, 20.8% | 0.501a |
| Complications, n, % | |||
| No | 414, 89% | 405, 89.4% | |
| microvascular | 16, 3.4% | 12, 2.6% | |
| macrovascular | 34, 7.3% | 36, 7.9% | |
| Other | 1, 0.2% | 0 | 0.666 |
| Anti-diabetic medication, n, % | 382, 82.2% | 401, 88.5% | 0.006a |
| Medication adherence, n, % | |||
| no data | 0 | 2, 0.5% | |
| Poor | 15, 3.9% | 18, 4.5% | |
| Good | 367, 96.1% | 381, 95.0% | 0.534b |
| Exercise | |||
| no data | 1, 0.2% | 0 | |
| No | 33, 7.1% | 62, 13.7% | |
| occasional | 253, 54.4% | 244, 53.9% | |
| Regular | 178, 38.3% | 147, 32.4% | 0.003b |
| Self-blood glucose monitoring, n, % | 111, 23.9% | 105, 23.2% | 0.805a |
Data are presented as mean with standard deviation or median with 25th to 75th percentile for continues variables depending on distribution of each variable and number with percent for categorize variables; p-value is determined using t-test for continues variables while using chi-square test (a) or Fisher’s exact test (b) for categorize variables
BMI body mass index, WHtR waist: height ratio, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin A1c, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, DBP diastolic blood pressure, SBP systolic blood pressure