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. 2019 Jun 7;10:2500. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10381-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Solvent permeability and sieving performance of GCN-SA membranes. The permeability, rejection rates and permeation rates are calculated according to Eqs. 1, 2 and 3, respectively. a Thickness-dependent water permeability of GCN-SA membranes fabricated by varying the volume of GCN-SA nanosheet suspension. The violet column shows the water permeability over GCN membrane fabricated by vacuum filtration of 25 mL GCN nanosheet suspension. The black star gives the water permeability over blank MCE substrate for comparison. b Permeability of various solvents over 700-nm thick GCN-SA membrane against solvent polarity. The dotted violet line and violet balls denote the polarity of different solvents. c The permeation rate as a function of initial NaCl concentration at feed compartment using 700 nm-thick GCN-SA membrane. The dotted violet line corresponds to the linear fitting result of permeation rates. d Sieving performance of varied solutes through 700 nm-thick GCN-SA membrane. Inset: corresponding rejection rates against hydrated radii of these solutes. The dotted orange lines denote the permeation rates and rejection rates (inset) of different solutes as a function of their hydrated radii. All the error bars represent the standard deviation from three experimental data. (Fe(phen) [Fe(phen)₃]Cl_2, AYR alizarine yellow R, MO methyl orange, RhB rhodamine B)