Table 2.
Characteristics of the interventions
| Study | Modality (n) | Intervention period | Session duration | Weekly frequency | Weekly duration | Intensity | Volume |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Progressive aerobic training | |||||||
| Alvarez et al. 2016 [12] |
Interval: stimulus—running, recovery—walking (n = 13) Control (n = 10) |
16 weeks |
Beginning: 22 min Final: 37.5 min |
3 |
Beginning: 66 min Final: 112.6 min |
Stimulus: 90–100% HRres Recovery: ≤ 70% HRres |
– |
| Belli et al. 2011 [28] |
Walking (n = 9) Control (n = 10) |
12 weeks |
Beginning: 20 min Final: 60 min |
3 |
Beginning: 60 min Final: 180 min |
HRVT | – |
| Kadoglou et al. 2007 [35] |
Walking or running on the treadmill/cycle ergometer (n = 29) Control (n = 27) |
26 weeks |
Beginning: 30 min Final: 45 min |
4 |
Beginning: 120 min Final: 180 min |
Beginning: 50%VO2peak Gradual increase throughout the 26 weeks Final: 75%VO2peak |
– |
| Kadoglou et al. 2012 [44] |
Walking or running on the treadmill/cycle ergometer (n = 21) Control (n = 7) |
26 weeks | Gradual increases until 4th week, reaching 45 min | 4 | 180 min |
Beginning: 60% HRmax Final: 75% HRmax |
– |
| Lambers et al. 2008 [29] |
Walking or running/cycle ergometer (n = 18) Control (n = 6) |
12 weeks | 50 min | 3 | 150 min |
Beginning: 60%HRres Middle: 75%HRre Final: 85%HRre |
– |
| Mitranun et al. 2014 [23] |
Interval training on the treadmill (it does not report if it is walking or running in the stimulus and recovery) (n = 14) Control (n = 8) |
12 weeks |
Beginning: 20 min Middle: 20 min Final: 30 min |
3 |
Beginning: 60 min Middle: 60 min Final: 90 min |
Beginning: 50% VO2peak Middle: 80% VO2peak Final: 85% VO2peak |
Beginning: 33.6 L O2 Middle: 36.2 L O2 Final: 53.7 L O2 |
|
Continuous on the treadmill (does not report if it is walking or running) (n = 14) Control (n = 8) |
Beginning: 20 min Middle: 20 min Final: 30 min |
3 |
Beginning: 60 min Middle: 60 min Final: 90 min |
Beginning: 50% VO2peak Middle: 60% VO2peak Final: 65% VO2peak |
Beginning: 33.6 L O2 Middle: 36.2 L O2Final: 53.7 L O2 |
||
| Negri et al. 2010 [30] |
Walking (n = 21) Control (n = 20) |
16 weeks | 45 min | 3 | 135 min |
Beginning: low(NS) Final: moderate (NS) |
– |
| Oliveira et al. 2012 [31] |
Cycle ergometer (n = 11) Control (n = 4) |
12 weeks |
Beginning: 20 min Final: 50 min |
3 | From 60 to 150 min | HRLT | – |
| Sentinelli et al. 2014 [32] |
Nordic walking (n = 10) Control (n = 10) |
12 weeks |
Beginning: 60 min Final: 90 min |
3 |
Beginning: 180 min Final: 270 min |
Beginning: low to moderate (NS) Final: moderate to high (NS) |
Beginning: 4–5 km with slope of 7% of inclination Final: 7 km with slope of 14% of inclination |
| Tomar et al. 2013 [33] |
Walking or running on the treadmill/cycle ergometer (n = 12) Control (n = 12) |
12 weeks | NS | 3 | Increased every 4 weeks (NS) |
Beginning: 40–50% HRmax; Gradual increase (NS) |
– |
| Vancea et al. 2009 [45] |
Walking (n = 14) Control (n = 10) |
20 weeks | 30 min | 3 | 90 min |
Beginning: 60% HRmax Final: 70% HRmax |
– |
|
Walking (n = 9) Control (n = 7) |
30 min | 5 | 150 min |
Beginning: 60% HRmax Final: 70% HRmax |
– | ||
| Yavari et al. 2012 [34] |
Treadmill/elliptical/cycle ergometer (n = 20) Control (n = 7) |
52 weeks |
Beginning: 20 min Final: 60 min |
3 |
Beginning: 60 min Final: 180 min |
Beginning: 60% HRmax Final: 75% HRmax |
– |
| Non-progressive aerobic training | |||||||
| Blonk et al. 1994 [36] |
Cycle ergometer (n = 26) Control (n = 27) |
26 weeks | 30 min | 2 | 60 min | 60–80%HRmax | – |
| Church et al. 2010 [20] |
Walking (n = 52) Control (n = 16) |
39 weeks | 50 min | 3 | 150 min | 50–80% VO2max | 12 kcal/kg/week |
| Emereziani et al. 2015 [37] |
Walking/cycle ergometer (n = 15) Control (n = 15) |
12 weeks | 30 min | 2 | 60 min | HRAT | – |
| Giannopolou et al. 2005 [38] |
Walking (n = 11) Control (n = 6) |
14 weeks | 50 min | 3 | 150 min | 65–70% VO2peak | Deficit of 200 kcal |
| Jorge et al. 2011 [22] |
Cycle ergometer (n = 12) Control (n = 4) |
12 weeks | 60 min | 3 | 180 min | HRLT | – |
| Karstoft et al. 2013 [21] |
Walking (continuous) (n = 11) Control (n = 4) |
17 weeks | 60 min | 5 | 300 min | 55% VO2peak | – |
|
Walking (interval) (n = 11) Control (4) |
60 min | 5 | 300 min | 70% VO2peak (3 min above, 3 min below) | – | ||
| Kwon et al. 2001 [39] |
Walking (n = 13) Control (n = 8) |
12 weeks | 60 min | 5 | 300 min | Moderate (NS) | 4 to 6 METs |
| Middlebrooke et al. 2006 [40] |
Not reported (n = 15) Control (n = 30) |
26 weeks | 30 min | 3 | 90 min | 70–80% HRmax | – |
|
Nuttamon- warakul et al. 2012 [46] |
Aquatic training (n = 20) Control (n = 20) |
12 weeks | 30 | 3 | 90 min | 70% HRmax | – |
| Parra-Sanchez et al. 2015 [41] |
Walking (n = 47) Control (n = 41) |
12 weeks | 40 min | 2 | 80 min | Velocity which allowed to speak without stuttering | – |
| Shenoy et al. 2009 [42] |
Walking (n = 10) Control (n = 5) |
16 weeks | 30 min | 3 | 90 min | – | – |
| Yan et al. 2014 [43] |
Not reported (low intensity) (n = 22) Control (n = 6) |
12 weeks | 45 min | 3–5 | 135 to 225 min | 50% VO2max | – |
|
Not reported (high intensity) (n = 9) Control (n = 4) |
45 min | 3 | 135 min | 75% VO2max | – | ||
Min minutes, n number of participants, HRres heart rate reserve, HRmax maximum heart rate, HRLT heart rate corresponding to lactate threshold, HRAT heart rate corresponding to aerobic threshold, HRVT heart rate corresponding to ventilatory threshold, VO2peak peak oxygen consumption, L O2 liters of oxygen, NS not specified. The study of Blonk et al. (1994) did not state the SD of the participants’ age